The Botti family dynasty

When passion and high commitment meet family unity, the potential to build an empire emerges. For generations, the Botti family has been a pillar in the world of Italian horse racing, where a passion for horses is passed down through a deeply rooted family heritage. The blood ties among family members have not only strengthened their personal unity but have also solidified their commitment to the Italian racing world. Two brothers, born and raised in the stables of San Siro, have become mentors to their children, instilling in them the same unconditional love for horses and competition. The story of the Botti family is not just a tale of success and trophies; it is also a profound expression of family dedication and shared passion that continues through the generations.

The racing traditions of the Botti family can be traced back to around 1860, deeply embedded in their maternal lineage with the first English settlers in Pisa, heralding a longstanding equine legacy.

Edmondo Botti, the patriarch, first made a name for himself as a steeplechase jockey before transitioning into a revered trainer. His sons, Alduino and Giuseppe Botti, inherited this fervent passion for horse racing. Giuseppe initially pursued a career as a steeplechase jockey, while Alduino excelled as a flat race jockey, quickly making a mark by winning Group 1 races. 

Tragedy struck when their father, Edmondo, died in a road accident while returning from the races in Livorno. This pivotal moment deeply affected both brothers, who, encouraged by the owners of the stables their father had trained at, decided to step into their father’s shoes as trainers. This decision marked the beginning of a new era for the Botti family, as they combined their inherited skills and passion to build on the legacy left by their father.

In 1971, the Botti brothers started their training career in the San Siro training centre. From the outset of their careers as trainers, they quickly achieved notable success; by 1973, they had won their first Italian trainers' championship. From that point onwards, they have been a dominant force in the Italian horse racing scene, missing the top spot in only two out of forty-nine championships. 

All the horses under their care were and in part still are trained at the Trenno tracks, part of the San Siro training centre, where they employ a personalised approach tailored to the needs of each horse. This customised training methodology ensured that each horse could achieve its full potential.

Reflecting on the dedication required for such success, Alduino Botti shared, "I must be honest, we always gave it our all. We knew neither holidays or festivals and always strived to work hard and learn new things." He further illustrated his commitment to excellence through a personal anecdote involving Sirlad, a horse that won multiple Group races, "Back when [Trainer] Benetti was working with Sirlad at the stables in San Siro, I made it a point to attend all the training sessions to understand how he managed the horse, so that I could understand what type of training required a horse like that”.

The Botti brothers' methodology was also significantly influenced by their international experiences. They regularly attended and purchased at the sales in the UK, Ireland, and Kentucky, which allowed them in the mornings to observe and learn from foreign training methods, "We woke up early and watched how other stables operated, observing their work routines and how long the horses were trained outdoors." This exposure was crucial. Although Italian tracks were not conducive to the type of training prevalent in England, the exposure and inspiration from abroad had a significant impact on their method. In fact, the iconic Warren Hill track at Newmarket has inspired the design of their new track in their training centre in Cenaia, in Tuscany. 

The improvement in results and the champions they have trained, such as Ramonti, Miss Gris, Val d'Erica, Maria Welaska, My Top, and Crackerjack King, not only reaffirmed the Botti brothers' prowess in horse training but also paved the way for them to venture into breeding. "Breeding has always been my passion," Alduino remarks. The decision to start breeding was a natural progression, using mares that they had previously trained. "Having trained them, you know exactly their strengths and weaknesses, which helps in choosing the right crosses," Alduino explains.

The expansion into breeding initially led the Botti brothers to acquire an ex-breeding farm in Cenaia. Originally dedicated to raising their mares and foals, Giuseppe, after a thorough study of the ground and geographical location, had the insight to build an uphill training track there. The facility was first transformed into a pre-training centre. Later, Stefano, Alduino's son, decided to establish his training operations there, and it has since become one of the premier private training centres in Italy. As for the breeding operations, the brothers later purchased another site which continues to serve as their breeding farm, known as "Razza del Velino."

This strategic expansion reflects the Botti family's deep commitment to excellence in both training and breeding, positioning them as key figures in the Italian and international racing scenes.

The Botti family’s passion for horse racing spans generations, with each member continuing to honour and expand upon their rich heritage. Alduino's sons, Marco and Stefano, and Giuseppe's sons, Alessandro and Edmondo, have all embraced their forebears' calling in the world of horse racing.

MARCO

Marco began his career as an apprentice but had to step away due to weight restrictions. He then joined his father at their stable in Milan as an assistant. Seeking to expand his horizons, Marco moved to Newmarket, to work under trainers Luca Cumani and Ed Dunlop, and was also part of the prestigious Godolphin team. These experiences deeply influenced his training style, leading Marco and his wife Lucie to establish their own training facility, "Prestige Place," in the UK. Adapting to British racing conditions was essential, and Marco's time in Newmarket was crucial. Despite the physical distance from Italy, Marco maintains strong ties with his family. He underscores the strength of these bonds, stating, "Distance has strengthened our union. I often attend sales to purchase horses for my brother Stefano. We frequently exchange advice and, with the owners' consent, decide whether a horse is better suited to race in England or Italy." 

This strategic collaboration recently led to the success of Folgaria, an unbeaten Italian mare brought to the UK by Marco, who continued her victorious streak by winning the Gp.3 (Fred Darling) Dubai Duty Free Stakes. The enduring bond between Marco and Stefano not only highlights their personal connection but also enhances their professional successes, underlining the strength of family ties in achieving shared goals.

STEFANO

"Ever since I was a child, I have followed every step of my father; horses have always been part of my daily life," Stefano Botti reminisces. By the age of 16, he had obtained his amateur jockey licence and began dominating the field, winning the championship for 15 consecutive years from his second year. His deep involvement in studying races, programs and following training sessions not only fueled his passion but also equipped him for a successful transition to training. During winters, Stefano would relocate to Tuscany to join his father and uncle's stable until he finally settled permanently in Cenaia. Initially, Cenaia served as a pre-training centre where Stefano trained the foals that were later prepared at San Siro. 

Over time, the centre expanded significantly, adding two uphill training tracks, one 800-metre woodchip and a 1000-metre all-weather track. This development significantly altered the family’s training approach. "It used to seem that without Milan or Rome, training a horse was difficult, especially without grass tracks. But since moving here, things have turned around. I've trained top horses like Ramonti, achieving third in a Group 1 race in Hong Kong," Stefano explains. The uphill tracks are particularly beneficial for preparing young horses by reducing strain on their forelimbs and enhancing their hindquarters, which Stefano notes makes them nearly always ready at debut. Today, Cenaia is home to about 125 horses, with plans to expand. This innovative approach has led to numerous successes, including wins abroad, such as the Derby in Qatar. 

Stefano's relationship with his father remains a cornerstone of his career, "My father is my role model, many of my successes are due to his teachings," reflecting the ongoing collaboration between the San Siro and Cenaia stables towards a unified strategy.

ALESSANDRO 

Alessandro Botti embraced his equestrian calling from an early age. Although his initial stint as a jockey was short-lived due to weight constraints, he didn't stray far from the racetrack, choosing instead to work alongside his father and uncle in the family stables. Driven by a spirit of adventure and a desire for new challenges, Alessandro made the bold decision to relocate and establish his training career in France. "It wasn't easy because I lacked nothing at home, but I've always thrived on competition, and this desire pushed me to explore new horizons," he explains. 

Today, Alessandro runs a stable in Chantilly, managing approximately 70 horses with the help of his wife. Together, they have celebrated numerous triumphs, accumulating around 500 wins. Alessandro’s future seems firmly rooted in France, a country where he has found both success and satisfaction.

Edmondo

Edmondo has been passionate about horse racing from a young age, famously stating, "I grew up on bread and horses." He began his career as a flat race jockey in 1989 and quickly made his mark by winning his first championship in 1992. After a brief retirement in 2000, his love for the sport reignited, leading to a triumphant return in 2003 where he claimed victories at both the Italian Derby and the Parioli, and rode notable horses like Electrocutionist and Ramonti. 

In 2008, Edmondo transitioned to training, partnering with his wife Cristiana Brivio to manage their stable in San Rossore. Together, they've enjoyed significant success, training approximately 130 horses and consistently winning important races both in Italy and internationally. Committed to their enchanting training grounds, Edmondo continues to cherish the Italian racing life, saying, "We train in a magical place, and it would be a shame to give it all up."

THE BOTTI BROTHERS TODAY 

Today, the Botti brothers continue to make significant contributions to the world of horse racing, each in their own unique way. Alduino remains actively involved in training at San Siro, working closely with his son Stefano to maintain and enhance their training operations. 

Together, they form a dynamic team, perpetuating the Botti family's legacy of excellence in horse racing. Meanwhile, Giuseppe has transitioned his focus towards a more social and political role within the industry. 

Faced with the challenges currently besetting Italian horse racing, Giuseppe has voiced his commitment to revitalising the sport that has given him so much. "I want to contribute by giving a new face to Italian horse racing, which has given me everything. Now it's my turn to give back," he declares. 

Having lived through and witnessed the transformation of Italian horse racing across various generations as trainers, breeders, and owners, both brothers are acutely aware of the sport’s current crisis. "It pains me to see the state of racing today, remembering a time when there was much more passion" Alduino reflects. The decline in public interest has led to decreased national investment, resulting in the closure of many racetracks and a troubling downturn in breeding. "We decided to increase our breeding activities, reaching a high number of broodmares, but the industry’s decline is forcing us to cut back" Alduino adds, highlighting a severe issue that could impact Italy's future international prominence in racing.

Giuseppe, despite recognising the dire situation, feels a duty to contribute to a revival of the sport that can inject new vitality. "We must not surrender to this situation; we need to stay current as trends change, but we must also draw people back to the races," he asserts. Emphasising the importance of shifting the narrative from betting to promoting the sport and the passion surrounding horse racing, Giuseppe suggests, "Race tracks should become city theatres, places of community gathering for individuals and families."

Faced with the challenges currently besetting Italian horse racing, Giuseppe has voiced his commitment to revitalising the sport that has given him so much. "I want to contribute by giving a new face to Italian horse racing, which has given me everything. Now it's my turn to give back," he declares. To this end, he serves as vice president of the "Final Furlong" association, which aims to promote horse racing on a national scale. This organisation focuses on more socially conscious initiatives, such as the rehabilitation of retired racehorses for integration into Italian equestrian tourism and engaging schools to introduce young people to the marvels of horse racing. Moreover, Giuseppe stresses the need to "engage young people by introducing school opportunities that can lead them to appreciate horse racing and, perhaps, make it a part of their future." 

Another concerning issue for the brothers is the decreased Italian participation on the international horse racing scene. Both recognise the necessity to reassert Italy and especially its races as a point of interest for other countries. "Competing with others strengthens us; it not only helps our ratings but also allows us to gauge the level of our horse racing and how we can improve" says Giuseppe.

Both brothers hope for a turnaround and improvement in the industry, emphasising the need for strong commitment from everyone involved, breeders, trainers, and owners, to achieve this goal.

This narrative captures the essence of a family whose life and soul are entwined with the sport of horse racing, making it their life's work and passion. The Botti family has not only excelled in the field but has also passed down a love for the sport through generations. The future looks promising as the passion for horse racing seems to be a lasting trait in the family. 

Marco, Stefano, Edmondo, and Alessandro's children also exhibit a keen interest in continuing the family tradition. Thus, the legacy of the Botti family is far from reaching its final chapter, with more stories yet to unfold in the racing world.

Understanding and treating depression in horses

Introduction

While depression is widely recognised in humans, it is a condition which is often overlooked in animals. The symptoms and clinical signs of depression vary from species to species but recent studies have shown that humans and horses share some characteristic warning signs which are important to recognise.  

Horses are prey animals with a well-developed fight-or-flight response and their behaviours are controlled by the nervous and endocrine system.  Like all animals, behaviour is influenced by many external factors that include genetic predisposition, environment, physiology, experience and learning. Foals are neurologically mature at birth and soon after birth can identify and react to dangerous stimuli, but like humans, the horse’s brain function does decrease with age resulting in increase in anxieties and fears. 

The brain and its neurotransmitters play an instrumental role in the temperament and behaviour of the horse; therefore, abnormal levels of various hormones can lead to a change. Normal survival instincts for the horse fall into two broad categories that includes ‘something to fear and must flee’ and ‘something not to fear and should be explored or ignored’. New research has also demonstrated that there is not a linear dominance hierarchy but rather the herd communicates with positive reinforcement and less from punishment.

In order to achieve the best results when training, it is important to consider these natural behavioural instincts. Maintaining a positive mental attitude in both training and management regimes for the horse will have considerable benefits to performance and reduce negative behaviours. 

What is depression? 

Depressive disorder (also known as depression) is a mental disorder that can occur in horses.  It involves a depressed mood or loss of pleasure or interest in activities for long periods of time.  Depression affects how the horse thinks and behaves and may lead to a variety of potential physical problems.  

While depression is widely recognised in humans, it is an illness which is often overlooked in animals.  The symptoms and clinical signs of depression vary from species to species but recent studies show that humans and horses share some characteristics. With racehorse welfare being a key topic at present, understanding and recognising small behaviour changes can allow for small management adaptations to be made thus enhancing the horses wellbeing. 

The research 

Recent research from France alongside the growing body of research, suggests that horses may develop something similar to depression in a response to physical or social discomfort.   

Researchers have observed horses that become withdrawn because of undergoing a cognitive shift.  It has been found that horses tune out to their surroundings due to physical or psychological stress.  Horses have the cognitive ability to be attentive; however, with the presence of chronic stressors there is a delay in a horse's response as they have “switched off” from their environment and demonstrated sensory inattention. 

Because we do not truly know how the horse is feeling, the hypothesis currently being considered is that the horse develops an “inward-oriented attention” when subjected to chronic disorders.  It must be stressed that this long delay in attentiveness does not indicate a state of calm for the horse but a withdrawal from its surroundings. 

Dr Georgia Mason from The Ontario Veterinary College has suggested that a horse may respond similarly to humans with depression.  It is thought that the horse’s withdrawal can be a result of a ‘learned helplessness’ in that responding to negative stimuli does not make any difference.  Thus depressed people are prone, for example, to judge ambiguous stimuli as being unlikely to be positive and to recall unpleasant memories more readily than pleasant ones.

In addition, a number of studies have assessed cortisol levels in those horses that are withdrawn. Cortisol acts to assist in relieving stress by increasing glucose metabolism to provide energy, which then enables the horse to escape from the stress. In the short-term, cortisol release is beneficial to the horse to help it cope with a stressor. This study found that abnormally low levels of cortisol (hence a physiological depression) were found in withdrawn horses that are in a pathological and depressed state.  These depressed horses also expressed anhedonia, which is the loss of pleasure to feed on an appetent substance.  

Further studies and research are needed to better understand the pathology of depression in horses.  It has been suggested that the life conditions, such as food, space, social conditions and health problems should be questioned and observed in order to identify potential acute or chronic stressors that may lead to depression. 

However, there are reviews that question the current animal models of depression and suggest that ethological models of mood disorders based on animals living under natural conditions need to be improved and developed. 

Symptoms of a depressed horse 

It is important to become acquainted with potential signs of depression in the horse so that you can identify them quickly.  By identifying the symptoms of depression, one can rapidly begin the task of identifying the underlying cause such as an injury, illness, social or environmental stressor.  With these tools, one can reduce the risk of the short-term and long-term negative effects that could ultimately hinder the horse’s health and performance.  

Lack of response

In humans and animals, being attentive is one aspect of subject cognitive abilities and capacities. The delay in responding to stimulation shows that withdrawn horses ‘switch off’ from their environment and show sensory inattention. Such lapses of attention are likely to be associated with the chronic effect of stressors, which might be expected to induce a lowered state of arousal.

A French study from the Universite de Rennes, demonstrated that depressed horses that were subjected to a series of five new, unique and unusual sounds were significantly less likely to pay attention to the noises compared to normal horses.  Their findings demonstrated that the withdrawn horses had undergone a cognitive shift that they were so physically or psychologically stressed that they developed sensory inattention. 

Heightened anxiety 

While the depressed horse will often be disinterested in everyday activities, people and companions, they are likely to demonstrate heightened emotions towards challenging situations and new stimuli as they try to express their discomfort. Stimuli that are usually unremarkable to the horse may become uncomfortable for the horse and make them “spooky”, anxious or fearful when they weren’t before. 

Lack of interest in food 

A change in mental well-being in your horse can lead to a loss of appetite.  The potential complications are the loss of weight, condition, muscle development, fitness, energy levels as well as the increased susceptibility to infection and prone to other health conditions such as colic or gastric ulcers. 

There are other illnesses and ailments that can lead to inappetence; hence, it is worth seeking veterinary advice in order to rule out any other physical problems.  

Anhedonia

Dr Carole Fureix looked at anhedonia which is the loss of feeling pleasure from experiences that used to be pleasurable.  This symptom is prominent in the depression of humans. Her study demonstrated that horses who are at times withdrawn are more anhedonic than those that are not withdrawn.  She concluded that this is a key symptom of clinical depression and suggests that withdrawn horses are indeed in a depression-like state.  

The horse may show unwillingness to work or no longer take pleasure in work they used to enjoy. This is especially important when considering rider and horse safety too as a withdrawn horse may not react appropriately to potentially dangerous situations.

Posture

Standing facing the stall wall for periods of time while demonstrating a withdrawn posture showing a fixed gaze, neck stretched out level with back, eyes open but lack of eye and ear movement. This differs from a content horse that is resting and displaying relaxed muscles, laterally rotated ears, the drooping of its eyelids and lips and holding its neck such that it slopes lower and rounder.  

Physical changes are perhaps somewhat easier to spot with a withdrawn posture being one of the typical signs of depression.  A healthy and content horse will stand with their head up and ears moving inquisitively.

Causes of depression 

The domesticated horse is often managed in such a way that they cannot express their natural behavioural instincts, thus exposing them to stressors which can lead to depression.

Lack of adequate positive social interaction with other horses 

A study from Michael Steger and Todd Kashdan explained that dysfunctional social behaviour has been implicated in the experience of depression. 

In addition, Timothy Elmer and Christoph Stadtfeld described individuals with depressive symptoms are more likely to be isolated from their social group(s), which can further increase their symptoms.  

Similarly, lack of social interaction without conscious choice for extended periods of time can lead to depression in humans.

Lack of adequate exercise and/or turnout 

It is well documented in human medicine that exercise and physical activity can improve many health conditions. Research on depression, anxiety and exercise demonstrates that the mental health and physical benefits can help improve mood and lessen anxiety.  The link between depression, anxiety and exercise are not entirely clear.  It has also been shown that exercise and physical activity may help keep depression and anxiety from coming back. 

Companionship reduces stress in the horse, hence naturally  living in a herd.  Horses are able to form companionships with their own species and other animals including humans.  In fact, horses kept in isolation, such as in closed stables, can become anxious, flighty and difficult to manage. 

Exercise releases endorphins which are feel-good chemicals in the body and also allows for more social interaction.  A recent University of London study demonstrated that people with low aerobic and muscular fitness are nearly twice as likely to experience depression.  

Illness or injury that causes pain or discomfort 

In humans studies have found that anywhere between 30-85% of patients suffering from chronic pain are also clinically depressed. Other illnesses in humans such as nutritional deficiencies, cushing’s disease, lyme disease, chronic pain, and insulin resistance can cause depression.

Stress during training, competing or in the daily routine 

If there is chronic stress in which the horse’s physiological stress response is taxed beyond what it is designed to do it can begin to impair the horse possibly leading to depression 

Inflammation and depression 

There is evidence that there is a link between inflammation and depression. Inflammations that lead to serious depression in humans can be caused by infections such as those caused by bacteria, viruses or even parasites.  There is increasing evidence that inflammation can cause depression because of the increase of cytokines setting the horse’s brain into “sick mode”.   

Treating depression

Simple changes in management can help treat the underlying cause of depression and can substantially improve the horses well-being thus having a positive impact on performance.

Light therapy

Modern management methods mean that horses can spend a large amount of time stabled which impacts the horse’s circadian rhythm (body clock). 

A study was performed at Nottingham Trent University where trial horses were put under an hour of high intensity broad spectrum light every day for six weeks. Their behaviours regarding feeding, sleep patterns and attitude to being handled and ridden were compared to a group of horses that had not received the therapy. The untreated horses were noted to be sleeping longer, lazier at ridden exercise and grumpier.

Light therapies have many positive benefits that can reduce signs of depression and improve overall well being; better daytime alertness and improved rest and sleep pattern, extending summer coat and body condition and encouraging the body to convert feed to muscle mass, noticeably fewer stable vices such as box walking, cribbing, weaving and reduced bacterial pathogens and fungal load leading to improved respiratory function.

Management

Racing is already making moves to ensure the best welfare conditions for horses, with German trainers now having to comply with regulations regarding size of stable, the amount of light in the stable, the provision of windows enabling horses to socialise and turn out capacity for a minimum two hours per day.

Increasing turnout time is reported to have positive effects on their horses' mental wellbeing, reduces stiffness and lowers the rate of stable vices. It also allows the horse to make social connections whilst allowing them to show their natural instinctual behaviours. 

With horses in varying routines in large yards, this can sometimes become stressful to some individuals. By providing company of other horses when stabled, this can help with social interactions and reduce stress. Stable enrichment and adlib forage can also replicate positive behaviours in the stable. 

It is known that exercise releases ‘feel good’ endorphins, thus, keeping the horse in a regular training regime complimented with the correct nutrition will be beneficial. 

Veterinary advice

It is important to seek veterinary advice should the horse be exhibiting signs of depression to help identify the underlying cause. Diagnostics such as blood tests can ensure there is no infection present and work-ups will highlight any pain or discomfort.

Conclusion 

While depression is widely recognised in humans, it is an illness which is often overlooked in animals. Depression in horses can be significant and harmful regardless of the underlying cause and can be temporary or long term. It is vital to ascertain the underlying cause of depression in a horse in order to treat and remedy the illness. 

Studying the feed behaviour of horses in training - why we keep on losing the battle with ulcers?

Article by Catherine Rudenko

Is this the biggest challenge when it comes to managing digestive health for horses in training? 

Keeping a racehorse healthy inside and out can be a real challenge. The nature of training and the environment in which racehorses live presents a constant set of risks. Managing those risks and balancing them against what is needed to achieve success is a fine art. 

So where does risk come from when it comes to digestive function? Are those risks manageable within the racing environment? What can you realistically expect to achieve with changes to feed, feeding practice and the use of supplements?

One of the biggest risk factors for digestive health is the stabled environment and the pattern of feeding required to fit in around a typical working day for stable staff, coupled with the need to get out on the gallops. On top of this is then the individual’s feeding behaviour, something that can easily be overlooked when the ‘what is fed’ is the same for all horses on the yard. Individual behaviour is perhaps one of the hardest aspects to tackle, whilst replicating a natural feeding pattern is nearly impossible.

The most common digestive concern is gastric ulcers, and many feeds and supplements are now available and marketed for this condition. Yet ulcers still exist and continue to frustrate many trainers despite making dietary changes. Why is this? The answer lies in gaining a better understanding of what a ‘good’ feed pattern and diet looks like from the horses’ perspective versus what is effective for performance and realistic in a typical racing yard. 

What is a natural feeding pattern?

Free ranging horses typically show 10-15 distinct feeding bouts in a 24-hour period (1).

Time spent resting or engaged in other non-feeding activities will not normally exceed 3-4 hours per session (2). Meaning the stomach is rarely truly empty.

The majority of feeding behaviour happens during daylight hours, typically 60-70% of time available (3).

During nighttime hours the amount of time spent as feeding behaviours reduces to 40-50% of those hours (3).

The total amount of time spent grazing across multiple feeding bouts is connected to the season and daylight hours. During summer months intake is around 14 hours in total versus 12 hours in the winter (4).

The natural feeding pattern is driven by the design of the horses’ digestive anatomy and is key to good health and normal function. The further away from these patterns we move any horse the greater the risk of dysfunction. 

What is a typical feeding pattern for a horse in training? 

The time study below shows the time taken for a group of 5 horses in training to eat their bucket feed and forage allocations in a 24-hour period. All horses in this observational study were in full training and worked in the morning of the study at different time points depending on their lot. Horses were observed from 4:45am until 9:15pm.  

One of the key aspects of natural feeding behaviour is the amount of feeding periods or ‘mini-meals’ a horse consumes. For 4 out of the 5 horses from completion of their evening forage to the next meal of breakfast was a period of time in excess of 8 hours , approximately 33% of the 24-hour period. During these nighttime hours feeding behaviour normally occurs in free ranging horses and supports regulation of the digestive system. 

For wild horses the total time spent eating is 12-14 hours in a 24 hour period. They do not normally have periods exceeding 12 hours in every 24 without some form of intake. For 4 out of the 5 horses there were distinct periods where all feed and forage had been consumed. The amount of time without any feed or forage available for the horses ranged from as little as 3 hours and 40 minutes up to 15 hours 30 mins in a 24-hour period.

Natural feeding patterns rarely see more than a 3-4 hour gap between each ‘mini-meal’ and at these points where gaps exist, it is important to remember that food has been available for 24 hours without restriction leading up to these chosen breaks in forage intake. The break in intake is short and during this time the stomach is unlikely to be truly empty. For horses in training it is easy to have periods in excess of 3 hours without any intake of feed or forage. 

Although the period from finishing breakfast to morning forage being given was for some horses less than 3 hours, the stomach when receiving that breakfast was in a fasting state. Ordinarily in the natural environment the stomach is rarely truly empty as it can take anywhere from 2-6 hours for the stomach to empty depending on what and how much has been consumed (5). When giving a bucket feed to a horse in a fasting state the rate of transit of that feed through the stomach will be relatively short, and depending on which lot the horse is pulled out for, can result in the horse being worked on an empty or near empty stomach. 

Why does this matter? 

One of the common causes of squamous ulceration is ‘acid splashback’ which relates to strenuous exercise and the movement of acidic content from the lower glandular region of the stomach to the unprotected squamous area (6). When the stomach contains feed or forage it is more difficult for the acidic content to be forced upwards to the squamous area. This is why it is recommended to include chaff in the breakfast feed or provide a small amount of forage as these fibrous sources are slower to pass through the stomach and can help reduce the level of acidity seen in the proximal portion of the stomach. The key point here is reduction not elimination. The practice will not prevent ulceration occurring, but it will reduce exposure.

The table below shows the difference between horses that were fasted for only 2 hours before exercise and those fasted for 18 hours. 

One of the challenges in racing is the differing amount of time between the breakfast feed and being saddled up for work. On top of this some horses will naturally consume their allocated feed faster. Even within the small number of horses observed in the study in Figure 1 there was notable variation in the time taken to eat the same amount of bucket feed given. Some of this variation comes from giving all horses the same breakfast by weight, which represents a different meal size against their bodyweight. Variation also exists as racehorses are individuals and appetite is flexible and influenced by other factors such as level of fitness and stress.  

Figure 3 shows the amount of dry matter provided in the breakfast feed to each horse and considers it against the bodyweight of the individual horse. The breakfast given was 2.2kg of a cubed racing feed alongside 0.6kg of an alfalfa based chaff. 

Can feed intake be slowed down?

In terms of feed format, pelleted feeds are consumed faster than mueslis or ‘sweet feeds’ (7). The addition of chaff mixed with the feed can slow intake, but for it to be effective there must be a reasonable amount given compared to the amount of pelleted or textured feed. As a rough guide, providing an additional 30% of the hard feed weight as a chaff will make a notable difference to the rate of intake. 

Whilst the aim is to slow intake it is important to keep in mind that feeding hard feeds too close to strenuous exercise is not recommended. Ideally feed is withheld for 2 hours before exercise. Forages, eg hay, haylage and alfalfa chaff, do not need to be removed but intake should be restricted to a small amount, typically 1kg. Providing a small amount of forage in this format helps maintain saliva production, which assists with regulation of acidity, and provides some fill for the stomach. 

Does forage intake matter?

Risk factors for gastric ulceration and colic when it comes to forage are similar. Diets low in forage and high in concentrates increase risk, along with intermittent feeding patterns and/or periods of fasting. 

In addition to what is given and the pattern that fits practically at a yard, is the fact that horses, like many other species, do not have a fixed rate of intake when a meal of any sort is presented. The majority will have a higher consumption rate at the start of feeding than at the end. With the observed horses hourly weigh backs of forage were carried out for a period of 6 hours to determine rate of consumption. During this time no bucket feed was present.  Figure 4 shows the individual intakes.

In the case of horses in training this is another problem to consider when it comes to evening feeds. Whilst the amount of forage given may be reasonable and in line with expected appetite, the feeding behaviour of the horse means there is not a consistent or regular intake of forage observed until the following morning feed.  True feeding of ad-lib forage, above what a horse needs or could eat in a 24-hour period, is rarely given and often impractical. The reality is that most horses in training will have a prolonged period of zero feed or forage intake during nighttime hours, which is the opposite of natural feeding behaviour. 

This is a practical challenge which for many yards is not easily overcome. Ideally forage should be fed at more regular intervals, rather than twice daily, to more closely replicate the 10-15 feeding bouts observed in wild horses. 

What can be done to improve feed patterns?

Simply put, the longer a horse spends eating the better. 

An enthusiastic eater that is ‘keen at the pot’ might be taken as a sign of good health, but a speedy intake that leads to a feeding pattern with longer periods between any sort of meal isn’t necessarily a good thing. A horse that appears a little slow with their forage but still consumes a good amount over a daily basis is not a bad thing as the pattern of eating is closer to multiple mini meals. 

• Using a good amount of chaff in every feed will prolong feed intake and requires additional chewing which helps increase salivation. 

• In the case of morning feeds ideally a little hay or haylage could be given, particularly for later lots to ensure the presence of some fibre in the stomach when working. Such a presence will not completely stop acidity in the delicate squamous area of the stomach, but it will reduce it. 

• Providing the evening forage as late as is possible to reduce the amount of time between evening forage being consumed and breakfast given. 

• Taking note of ‘speedy eaters’ and considering if hay nets or hay feeders would be appropriate to prolong the time taken to consume their evening allocation. Hay nets in different locations in the stable, for example one at the front and one at the back, can also influence how quickly all the forage is consumed. 

• Consider the type of forage given. Hay can be easier to provide on more of a free choice basis as horses will consume less hay than haylage on a dry matter basis in a set period of time (1).

What is a realistic expectation for managing digestive health?

The need for high energy intakes to fuel performance means reliance on hard feeds and a limited amount of forage. The horse does not have an unlimited appetite and even when provided with additional forage will not necessarily consume enough or consume it in a regular fashion. Replicating a natural feed pattern for horses in training is close to impossible and inevitably results in digestive disorders, but making changes and trying to reduce that risk is worth doing. The differences made may be small, but winning margins can be just as small.

The purpose of feeding low starch diets to horses in training is to reduce the specific element of risk that comes from high starch feeding. In doing so that element of risk is managed and the diet is one step closer to a more natural fibre-based diet. But it is one area of risk alone and mitigating this risk does nothing to control the risk of ulcers or colic from intermittent feeding, the impact of withholding water,  the effect of travel and the physical effects on the stomach from strenuous exercise in the case of ulcers.

Using supplements that support healing of tissues, the function of mucus barriers or buffer acidity in the stomach are all part of trying to manage gastric ulcers, a disorder that is created through the training environment and the intensity of work required to achieve a race fit state. Such supplements are not designed to treat or prevent ulcers, they are not medicines and should not claim to do so, but they play an important part in trying to maintain a healthy digestive system.

Equally using supplements that support hindgut function through promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, stabilising the pH of the hindgut or ‘mopping up’ pathogenic bacteria are all part of trying to maintain a healthy hindgut, which has many benefits, and reduces the risk of disorder within this section of the digestive anatomy. 

The most important thing when considering gastric ulcers and other digestive disorders is to be realistic about what you can achieve within your environment, and to be realistic about what difference feeds and supplements alone can make. Any steps that can be taken to reduce risk are worth implementing as the aim is to keep the digestive system as healthy as possible so that the food you provide is converted to the nutrients needed to maximise performance and maintain general good health.

References

1. Ellis,A.D.,2010. Biological basis of behaviour in relation to nutrition and feed intake in horses. In A.D. Ellis, A.C.Longland, M.Coenen & N.Miraglia, ed. The impact of nutrition on the health and welfare of horses. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 53-74

2. Ralston,1984; Vulink,2001, cited in Ellis,A.D.,2010. Biological basis of behaviour in relation to nutrition and feed intake in horses. In A.D. Ellis, A.C.Longland, M.Coenen & N.Miraglia, ed. The impact of nutrition on the health and welfare of horses. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 58.

3. Vulnik,2001; Boyd 1988; Berger et al.,1999; Edouard et al.,2009 cited in Ellis,A.D.,2010. Biological basis of behaviour in relation to nutrition and feed intake in horses. In A.D. Ellis, A.C.Longland, M.Coenen & N.Miraglia, ed. The impact of nutrition on the health and welfare of horses. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 58.

4. Vulnik,2001 cited in ELLIS,A.D.,2010. Biological basis of behaviour in relation to nutrition and feed intake in horses. In A.D. Ellis, A.C.Longland, M.Coenen & N.Miraglia, ed. The impact of nutrition on the health and welfare of horses. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 59.

5. Frape, D. (2010) Equine Nutrition and Feeding. 4th Edition. United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell

6. Lorenzo-Figueras,M. Merrit,AM. Effects of exercise on gastric volume and pH in the proximal portion of the stomach of horses. Am J Vet Res. 2002;63(11):1481-1487

7. Hintz et al 1985 cited in Geor,J. Harris,P. Coenen,M. (2013) Equine Applied and Clinincal Nutrition. China: Elsevier

International Opportunities - the key international races to target this autumn

Article by Lissa Oliver

As we saw in our last issue, new and emerging racing nations can offer very lucrative targets as they attempt to establish themselves on the world stage. Outside of the European season there have never been as many valuable opportunities as currently on offer this coming autumn and winter, from both new and rapidly rising racing jurisdictions. North America also offers some lucrative opportunities throughout the year, with early-closers starting in May 2025.

North America

Breeders’ Cup

This year the Breeders’ Cup will be held in November at Del Mar and it hardly needs introduction. With 14 championship races held over two days, Future Stars Friday sees the two-year-old championships run for purses of €931,130 (£783,500) and €1.9m (£1.6m). Saturday boasts nine races, culminating with the €6.5m (£5.5m) Gr1 Breeders’ Cup Classic.

The “win and you’re in” Challenge Series consists of 69 of the best races from around the world, from June to October, awarding each winner an automatic and free entry into the Breeders' Cup World Championships.  

Santa Anita

This year sees a new initiative creating links between prestige British races and valuable North American turf races. The ultimate aim is to build the international profile of all races in the partnership by increasing the number of runners travelling from the US to the UK, and vice-versa. Winners of two valuable contests in North America in the spring gain automatic entries for the Gr1 Eclipse and the Gr1 July Cup, while the Eclipse and July Cup winners gain automatic entry and travel incentives for two prestigious contests in North America in the autumn, the 2000m (10f) Gr2 California Crown John Henry Turf and the 1300m (6f) Gr2 California Crown Eddie D Turf Sprint, each worth €696,634 (£587,848) and run at Santa Anita 28th September.  

Matt Woolston, The Jockey Club’s Assistant Racing and International Director, points out, “By pairing two of the UK’s most famous and prestigious Group One contests in the summer with a quartet of valuable North American turf contests in the spring and autumn, we feel we have the perfect race schedule for transatlantic runners. In addition, British and other European trainers now have the chance of an incentivised trip to North America in the autumn for races at Santa Anita’s exciting new California Crown meeting. We feel we have highlighted a race schedule that incentivises runners to travel across the Atlantic.”  

Kentucky Downs

Kentucky Downs is home to America's only European-style all turf racecourse and at 2000m (10f) in length it is one of the longest. It hosts just seven days each year, one of the most exclusive meetings in North America. From a VIP experience at the Finish Line to free tailgating and general admission on the final turn and stretch, Kentucky Downs provides a unique experience in an intimate atmosphere. The 2024 programme is 29th and 31st August, and 1st, 5th, 7th, 8th and 11th September, dates to mark in your diaries for 2025.

Headed by the €2.3m (£2m) Gr3 Nashville Derby (formerly the Dueling Grounds Derby) on 31st August, Kentucky Downs will stage six races worth at least €1.9m (£1.6m) apiece, including supplements for registered Kentucky Thoroughbred Development Fund (KTDF) horses that were foaled in the commonwealth and sired by a Kentucky stallion, with KTDF bonuses totalling €15m (£12.5m) over the seven-day meeting. The Nashville Derby is now the richest grass race in North America outside the Breeders’ Cup Turf.

“We want to build the Nashville Derby into a race that American and European horsemen alike point to and buy horses for,” says Ron Winchell, co-managing partner of Kentucky Downs with Marc Falcone. “The name change reflects our close proximity to one of America’s great cities, which we see as an added incentive for coming. Even horses that aren’t Kentucky-breds will still race for $1.5 million, and we’ve positioned the Nashville Derby so that it fits into a big-money circuit for three-year-old turf horses with Keeneland and Churchill Downs’ stakes, as well as the New York’s Belmont Derby, Saratoga Derby and Jockey Club Derby.”

The Kentucky Downs meet will have 11 races worth at least €931,000 (£784,000) with nine at graded status, including the track’s first Gr1, the €1.9m (£1.6m) Franklin-Simpson for three-year-old sprinters. The showcase 7th September card includes a quartet of €1.9m (£1.6m) races. Maiden races, already the richest in the world, have increased to €158,289 (£133,307) per race.

The meeting reflects Kentucky Downs’ commitment to becoming an international racing venue and has attracted European runners in recent years. Kentucky-bred and British-trained Ancient Rome won the €1.9m (£1.6m) Gr3 Mint Millions, and Irish-trained Reckoning Force won the €465,504 (£391,987) Kentucky Downs Juvenile Mile, now with increased purse for 2024.

Colonial Downs

Virginia's premier racetrack is Colonial Downs, in New Kent, with two state-of-the-art racing surfaces. The 1800m (9f) Secretariat Turf Course is the widest turf track in North America and the dirt track is the country’s second largest. In August it hosts the Gr1 Arlington Million, 2000m (10f) turf, with a purse of €919,422 (£783,737).

Gary Palmisano Jr., Vice President, Racing, tells us, “Colonial Downs is widely regarded as one of America’s top turf courses and would be perfectly suited for European runners. The 1 1/8 mile oval is over 180 feet wide and plays as a very fair host to our three Internationally-renowned stakes races. We would be extremely excited and honoured to host European runners here in Virginia.”

Meetings are held every Thursday-Saturday from 11th July through to 7th September and entry fee for each of the stakes races, bar the Graded races, is €372 (£313). With stakes purses of €114,923 (£97,955), these include The Boston 1600m (8f) turf for three-year-olds, The Beverly D. Preview 1800m (9f) turf for fillies and mares three years and up, The Million Preview 1800m (9f) turf for three-year-olds and up, The Exacta Systems Rosie's Stakes 1000m (5f) turf for two-year-olds, and the Kitten's Joy Stakes 1600m (8f) turf for two-year-olds. 

On The Arlington Million card is the Gr2 The Secretariat, 1600m (8f) turf for three-year-olds and Gr2 The Beverly D. 1800m (9f) turf for fillies and mares three years and up, both worth €465,500 (£391,750). The season comes to a close in September with the same prize money up for grabs in Gr3 The New Kent County Virginia Derby, 1800m (9f) turf, and the €229,854 (£195,917) Listed Virginia Oaks, 1800m (9f) turf.

All owners who start a horse at Colonial Downs will receive the greater of €919 (£782) or their share of the purse money from the race, while all trainers will receive €280 (£235) per horse started on turf and €465 (£392) per horse started on the dirt.

Australia

At this stage we’re all familiar with the opportunities open to foreign runners at the Melbourne Cup Carnival and the Victoria Racing Club hosts 10 Gr1 race days during the 22-day season at Flemington.

The 3200m (16f) Gr1 Melbourne Cup is the highlight, offering €98,500 (£83,200) from sixth place down to 12th, with € 2.7m (£2,3m) going to the winner and an overall value of €5.3m (£4.4m). Later that same week are three €1.8m (£1.6m) weight-for-age Gr1s, the 2000m (10f) Champion Stakes, 1600m (8f) Champions Mile and the 1200m (6f) Champions Sprint.

“European trainers have had great success at the Melbourne Cup Carnival for more than 30 years, it is always a great thrill to host international connections who make the journey to Melbourne and race their horses at Flemington,” says Leigh Jordon, the VRC Executive General Manager.

A more recent attraction is the Sydney Everest Carnival, some 640km further along the coast, held at Royal Randwick Racecourse and Rosehill Gardens Racecourse, where owners can also enjoy exclusive and complimentary facilities.

The Sydney Everest Carnival opens 21st September and closes 9th November, boasting the world’s richest race on turf The Everest, 1200m (6f) €12.3m (£10.4m) in mid-October at Royal Randwick.

The opening day at Royal Randwick features two weight-for-age races, each with a total prize of €615,840 (£520,265) for three-year-olds up, The 7 Stakes 1600m (8f) and the Gr2 1100m (5f) Shorts. Randwick later hosts the iconic 1600m (8f) Epsom Handicap, a Gr1 worth €924,000 (£780,500) and on the Everest supporting card is the €3m (£2.6m) Gr1 King Charles III Stakes over 1600m (8f).

At Rosehill Gardens, the Hill Stakes over 2000m (10f), and 1800m (9f) Five Diamonds each carry a purse of €1.2m (£1m), but the showpiece in early November is the €6.2m (£5.2m) Golden Eagle over 1500m (7f).

“It’s pleasing to see continued strong nominations for three of our flagship races in the spring,’’ says James Ross, Australian Turf Club Head of Racing and Wagering. “The strength of nominations highlight the significance of two major WFA races over the Royal Randwick mile in the 7 Stakes and ultimately the $5 million King Charles III Stakes on Everest Day. With the additional investment from our partners Racing NSW, we attract some of the highest quality participation from Sydney, interstate and internationally.”

Japan

Although racing has been established in Japan since the 1870s, this year the JRA celebrates its 70th anniversary. “We hold a variety of races every Saturday and Sunday throughout the year,” says JRA President/CEO Masayoshi Yoshida. “Horsemen from around the world praise the generous prize money, including bonuses, the well-maintained tracks, and the new international stables at Tokyo Racecourse that allow horses to enter directly from the airport. In November we will hold the Japan Cup, the world’s best race in 2023, at the Tokyo Racecourse. We appreciate seeing the greatest horses and watching with our guests from various countries, and our own enthusiastic horseracing fans.” 

The International Stable opened at Tokyo Racecourse in 2022 and each barn has a dedicated grass paddock, air-conditioning and remote monitoring system, with facilities for staff, and three training tracks. Horses can enter the stable directly from the airport for the quarantine period and remain there until the race itself, causing as minimal stress and disruption to their routine as possible. 

The import quarantine period is a minimum of seven days, and arrival and departure date to and from the quarantine is included in that period. The export quarantine period of one day or less will be conducted at the racecourse, unless the importing country, such as Australia, requires a longer quarantine period.

There are also two quarantine bases in the east and west of Japan. Both have good access to the airport and racetracks, and are fully equipped with excellent training tracks and staff accommodation. The Horse Racing School is an hour’s drive from Narita International Airport, while Miki Horseland Park serves horses arriving from Kansai International Airport.

The JRA may offer travel incentives for particular overseas horses, taking into consideration factors such as the horse's international rating, for Group 1 races. For invited overseas horses for the Japan Cup, the JRA will provide air transport for the horse and two attendants (economy class), return business class air tickets for the owner, trainer, jockey, and their spouse/partner, and five nights’ accommodation at a JRA designated hotel.

All Japanese Group 1s are free to enter, or by free invitation, and carry the same declaration fee of €20,200 (£17,500). The 2400m (12f) Japan Cup is run at Tokyo on the last Sunday in November for a purse of €7.3m (£6.3m), €3.3m to the winner (£2.9m). It also carries additional bonuses of €92,000-€2.8m (£79,000-£2.4m) from last-placed finishers up to first, for the winners of 14 designated European Gr1 races, six North American and seven Australian, and the Dubai Sheema Classic.

In mid-November, the 2200m (11f) Queen Elizabeth II Cup for fillies and mares at Kyoto carries a purse of €1.9m (£1.6m), with bonuses from €163,000-€646,000 (£138,000-£553,000) available to the winners of nine designated European Gr1 fillies and mares races, and travel subsidies are also available.

Sandwiched between those two races is the Mile Championship at Kyoto, worth €2.7m (£2.3m), also with travel subsidies available. The bonuses for winners of seven designated European Gr1 mile races, and the Dubai Turf, Woodbine Mile and Hong Kong Champions Mile are from €163,000 up to €646,000 (£138,000-£553,000).

Run on dirt at Chukyo Racecourse, the 1800m (9f) Champions Cup has a total value of €1.7m (£1.5m) with additional bonuses to the winner of 11 designated USA Gr1s, and the Saudi Cup and Dubai World Cup of €163,000-€646,000 (£138,000-£553,000).

There are also travel subsidies available for international runners in Japan’s other valuable Gr1s, including the 1200m (6f) Takamatsunomiya Kinen on turf at Chukyo on the last Sunday of March, the 1200m (6f) Sprinters Stakes at Nakayama on the last Sunday of September, the 2000m (10f) Tenno Sho Autumn at Tokyo last Sunday in October, and the premier summer races, the 3200m (16f) Tenno Sho Spring at Kyoto last Sunday in April, 1600m (8f) Yasuda Kinen at Tokyo first Sunday in June, and the 2200m (11f) Takarazuka Kinen last Sunday in June at Kyoto.

Bahrain

The Bahrain Turf Series is now in its fifth year and runs from 8th December through to 6th March. Each race carries prizemoney from €73,750 (£62,850) up to €91,880 (£78,200) and this attractive series is designed to attract international competition and to raise the profile of horseracing in Bahrain, providing opportunities for internationally-trained runners rated 85-100 to compete against local Bahrain-based horses.

“Three years after its launch, we believe the time is right to build on the success of the Bahrain Turf Series and expand the international programme to incorporate our season’s premier races,” explains His Highness Shaikh Isa Bin Salman Bin Hamad Al Khalifa, Chairman of the Bahrain Turf Club. “For the first time, our most prestigious races, including the Crown Prince’s Cup and the King’s Cup will fall within the Bahrain Turf Series calendar. This move, coupled with the new floodlights, provides more flexibility to the race programme, and is intended to make racing in Bahrain an even more attractive and compelling proposition for international visitors.” 

As Hugo Palmer pointed out earlier this year, “The prize money in the series is excellent but consequently the races are competitive. With the right horse, you will have a lot of fun and the trip will be very worthwhile. This is the second time I have had runners in the Bahrain Turf Series and it’s clear that the Bahrain Turf Club is making giant strides. They are committed to improving everything from the training facilities to the race programme. My owners have absolutely loved it when they have gone to watch their horses run.”

In total, the series of sprint and middle-distance races comprises of 12 races, six in each division, an increase from last year, with each race carrying bonus prizes for the horses accumulating most points in their respective division.

On 8th December are the 1000m (5f) and 2000m (10f) races for horses rated 84-100. On 20th December are the 1000m (5f) and 2000m (10f) races for horses rated 84-100. 29th December sees the 1200m (6f) and 2000m (10f) races for those rated 80-100. On 12th January are two conditions races, over 1000m (5f) and 1800m (9f). Horses rated 80-100 have races on 2nd February over 1200m (6f) and 1800m (9f) and finally the series concludes 16th February, again for those rated 80-100, with a 1000m (5f) and 2000m (10f) offering.

The 2023/24 series attracted a record number of international runners, including horses from Hugo Palmer, John and Sean Quinn, and George Scott. The Rashid Equestrian and Horseracing Club has quarantine facilities for 50 horses, an equine pool and world class veterinary facilities provided by Baker McVeigh Veterinary Services.

“The racetrack has been in good condition throughout,” observed Sean Quinn. “Given the climate it must be hard to keep the turf track in such good nick, but the watering system is excellent.” 

George Scott, who earlier this year sent out Bahrain’s first Triple Crown winner, concurs. “The facilities for the horses are excellent, the barns are great and the training tracks have got better and better, you can use the grass or the synthetics. It’s a great place to train. My staff have loved it; it has been a great experience for them. A really wonderful set up. Another plus is that there are options outside of the Bahrain Turf Series, you can run your horse in the domestic programme too. I thoroughly recommend everyone to come and try it.”

For those seeking black type, the 2000m (10f) Gr2 Bahrain International Trophy in November for three-year-olds and up is establishing Bahrain as a premier horseracing destination. Run on turf, the race is worth €921,858 (£785,315), with €553,115 (£471,178) to the winner.

Entries close 2nd October with supplementary entry stages later in October, but there are three 'Automatic Invitation' races, for the first, second and third from The Royal Bahrain Irish Champions Stakes and the Gr3 Strensall Stakes at York. The Bahrain Turf Club will provide air tickets for overseas connections and hotel accommodation on a room only basis. Shipment of invited horses will be arranged and paid for by the Bahrain Turf Club.

Reducing Wind Surgeries in Thoroughbreds: Harnessing Field Data for Genetic Selection

Article by Dr Erwin Koenen and Richard Birnie

Wind Surgery (WS), also known as ‘wind operations’ or ‘wind ops’, is a term used to describe a collection of surgeries performed on the upper respiratory tract (URT) of the horse, typically the larynx (throat). These surgeries aim to alleviate conditions that cause obstruction of airflow and, therefore, limit oxygen supply to exercising muscles, impacting athletic performance. 

Although WS is generally an effective treatment of upper airway conditions, there is growing interest in curbing them for both animal welfare and financial reasons. For many years, trainers and breeders have considered endoscopic data when buying at sales. Selecting horses with better scoping data for racing and breeding is expected to reduce the risk of URT-related diseases and resulting surgeries. Breeders might realise additional reductions if they could also consider information on the variation in WS among progeny groups when making selection decisions. 
In 2018, the British Horse Racing Authority (BHA) introduced the requirement that trainers declare if a horse racing in Britain has had a WS since their previous race. This routinely collected field data may support the promising avenue of reducing WS by genetic selection. 

In this article, we discuss the different types of surgeries, the use of endoscopic examinations and the opportunities and challenges of leveraging WS declarations for genetic selection.

Wind Surgeries

The term ‘wind surgery’ encompasses the following surgical procedures:

• Tie-back, also known as a prosthetic laryngoplasty. This is utilised for the treatment of roarers, also known as recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN). 

• Hobday procedure, also known as a ventriculectomy or ventriculocordectomy. This is also utilised in the treatment of roarers and is frequently performed in conjunction with a tie-back procedure. 

• Tie-forward, for the treatment of dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP)

• Soft palate cautery, for the treatment of DDSP.

• Epiglottic entrapment surgery, for the treatment of epiglottic entrapment (EE).

Wind surgeries can have welfare implications, for example, if a horse suffers post-surgical complications such as infection or difficulty swallowing. Wind surgeries can also have significant financial implications due to the cost of the surgery itself and the potential loss of earnings due to time off for the procedure. Many WS procedures have widely reported high success rates; for example, it is realistic to expect horses undergoing a tie-back procedure to have success rates of 70-80%, a figure considered to be irrespective of the degree of RLN present. However, no surgical procedure is 100% effective in treating their respective upper airway condition. This means that a certain percentage of horses requiring WS will not return to the same pre-athletic ability they had prior to disease development, again having financial implications on a horse’s potential winnings.

Information on the proportion of racehorses that have had a WS is scarce. To get a preliminary estimate, we studied the WS declarations of 1,000 randomly selected racehorses that ran in Britain between January and May 2024. In this sample approximately 15% of the horses have had at least one WS in their career. As expected, higher frequencies were found for horses in National Hunt races than in Flat races.

Endoscopic Examinations
Early detection of conditions requiring WS is difficult as they do not typically manifest in youngstock but instead frequently present during a horse’s athletic career. Thoroughbred racehorses typically present for surgical management of RLN at 2-3 years of age. Despite this, at most major thoroughbred yearling sales, individual animals undergo post-sale URT endoscopic examinations to assess for disease processes affecting the upper airways, including RLN, DDSP and EE amongst several other conditions. The presence of any one of these disease processes allows for the prospective purchaser to cancel the sale.

Several studies have found a relationship between endoscopic observations in yearlings, particularly the incidence and severity of laryngeal pathologies such as RLN, and later racing performance. The most recent study examined 1,244 Australian thoroughbred yearlings’ URT endoscopic examinations and suggests that resting laryngeal function, associated with the degree of RLN, can be a useful predictor of future racing performance and earning potential. For example, the mean earnings of yearlings graded with a ‘normal’ larynx (condensed Lane scale) was AU$20,100 (£10,453 / €12,271) whereas it was only AU$1,000 (£520 / €610) for those graded with an ‘abnormal’ larynx. 

Although the URT endoscopic data set collected from yearling sales has many valuable applications, these are typically more pertinent to purchasing recommendations and is unlikely to be used for large-scale genetic evaluations. 

Genetic evaluation of WS 

The feasibility of genetic evaluation based on routinely reported WS data largely depends on the presence of natural genetic variation, which may differ per individual surgeries. Heritability estimates, indicating the relative contribution of genetics, for the individual surgeries are not yet known. However, moderate to high heritabilities have been reported for RLN, one of the conditions often requiring WS. Several studies have reported a positive genetic correlation between height and RLN, with taller horses having an increased risk of RLN development. It has been hypothesised that selecting against these genes could result in a shorter population of horses which may impact on athletic performance. Although the exact mode of inheritance remains largely unknown, it is speculated to be polygenic, with numerous genes contributing incrementally to the overall genetic variation and development of RLN. We generally also assume that genes from both parents on average contribute equally to the risk of RLN. Research into the genetic components of DDSP and EE is very scarce.

Once the genetic variation of WS data has been confirmed, breeding organisations can develop statistics indicating the genetic quality of individual horses. A first possible step in this direction might be publishing the average WS incidence for commonly used sires. A more advanced step might be a genetic evaluation based on WS data and pedigree. Such statistical procedures, already routinely implemented in many livestock breeding programmes, optimally combine family information and adjust for non-genetic effects such as age and sex. Breeders can use the resulting estimated breeding values to better identify stallions and mares with a lower genetic risk for requiring WS. The reliability of an individual breeding value depends on the amount of data used, which is low for horses with no offspring and limited pedigree information but high for sires with many offspring. 

Another potential data source for breeders is DNA testing based on the relationship between mutations in the DNA and the inherited predisposition for WS. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified variants that relate to RLN, their predictive value has been too low to develop and commercialise highly reliable DNA tests. However, the use of estimated breeding values based on field data may boost the power of ongoing GWAS studies to identify predictive variants.

Impact of genetic selection

Genetic selection operates as a long-term strategy, with noticeable improvements materialising in subsequent generations, albeit typically in modest increments. Nonetheless, experiences with breeding programmes in other livestock species, such as cattle, pigs and poultry, underscore the transformative potential of systematic selection in reshaping population dynamics over time. Unlike non-genetic interventions such as nutrition or training, the outcomes of genetic selection are permanent and cumulative. Moreover, genetic selection often proves cost-effective, especially when leveraging existing data collection practices. 

However, for the widespread adoption of genetic selection against WS within the industry, stakeholders' acceptance is crucial. While publishing breeding values fosters transparency and aids genetic progress, it may encounter resistance from some owners unaccustomed to such openness. Furthermore, given that many Thoroughbred breeders lack familiarity with rational selection based on breeding values, there is a risk of misguided expectations and insufficient support within the sector. Hence, collaborative efforts with stakeholders are imperative both in the development and utilisation of genetic metrics for health and welfare traits to ensure their integration into breeding practices.

Conclusion

The wealth of recorded WS field data in Britain, which was initially intended for the betting public, offers an exciting prospect for exploring its potential application in genetic evaluations. This dataset provides an unprecedented opportunity to reliably study the genetic variation of commonly occurring URT conditions requiring WS. Continued research into the components of the underlying operations, coupled with robust stakeholder engagement, holds promise for yielding valuable insights. Ultimately, such endeavours could empower breeders to implement strategies aimed at effectively mitigating the prevalence of WS within the Thoroughbred population.

References

• Ahern, B.J., A. Sole, K. De Klerk, L.R. Hogg, S.A. Vallance, F.R. Bertin and S.H. Franklin, 2022. Evaluation of postsale endoscopy as a predictor of future racing performance in an Australian thoroughbred yearling population. Aust. Vet. J. 100: 254-260.

• Boyko, A.R., S.A. Brooks, A. Behan-Braman, M. Castelhano, E. Corey, K.C. Oliveira, J.E. Swinburne, R.J. Todhunter, Z. Zhang, D.M. Ainsworth and N.E. Robinson, 2014. Genomic analysis establishes correlation between growth and laryngeal neuropathy in Thoroughbreds. BMC Genomics 15: 1-9.

• Dixon, P.M., B.C. McGorum, D.I. Railton, C. Hawe, W.H. Tremaine, K. Pickles and J. McCann, 2001. Laryngeal paralysis: a study of 375 cases in a mixed‐breed population of horses. Equine Vet. J. 33: 452-458.

• Ducharme, N.G. and F. Rossignol, 2019. Chapter 46: Larynx. In: J.A. Auer, J.A. Stick, J.M. Kümmerle and T. Prange. Equine Surgery (Fifth Edition) (pp. 734-769). Elsevier.

• Dupuis, M.-C., Z. Zhang, T. Druet, J.M. Denoix, C. Charlier, P. Lekeux and M. Georges, 2011. Results of a haplotype-based GWAS for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in the horse. Mamm. Gen. 22: 613-620.

• Garrett, K.S., S.W. Pierce, R.M. Embertson and A.J. Stromberg, 2010. Endoscopic evaluation of arytenoid function and epiglottic structure in Thoroughbred yearlings and association with racing performance at two to four years of age: 2,954 cases (1998–2001). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 236: 669-673.

• Hawkins, J.F., 2014. Advances in equine upper respiratory surgery. John Wiley & Sons.

• Herdan, C., B. McGivney, K. Gough, E. Hill and L. Katz, 2014. A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (BIEC2-808543) on Eca3 is associated with Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy independent of height in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J. 46: 34.

• Ibi, T., T. Miyake, S. Hobo, H. Oki, N. Ishida and Y. Sasaki, 2003. Estimation of heritability of laryngeal hemiplegia in the Thoroughbred horse by Gibbs sampling. J. Equine Sci. 14: 81-86.

• Miller, S.M., 2020. Endoscopic recurrent laryngeal neuropathy grade prevalence in a sample of thoroughbred yearlings at public auction in South Africa (2013–2019). J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 91: 1-5.

How Does the Regulatory Environment for Pool Betting Impact on the Financial Health of Horseracing Around the World?

Simon Bazalgette, the founding Chair of specialist management consultancy GVS EQ, and Martin Purbrick, a founding GVS EQ associate, take a canter around the world to see how betting regulation, and particularly pool betting, has a vital impact on the relative level of prize money, and therefore the financial health of the sport.

For the last century and beyond, Horseracing has had a symbiotic relationship with betting, and this remains the case in most countries – to a greater or lesser extent. As a result, the financial strength of each national horseracing industry depends on the way that betting is regulated and owned in that country. An understanding of a national regulatory structure for betting is vital for any understanding the wide variation of prize money in different countries.

Pool betting, also known as ‘Tote betting’ or ‘pari-mutuel betting’, has long been associated with horse racing. Tote betting was established in the 19th century and involves all the amounts bet combined in a pool, from which the operator takes a cut, then the odds are calculated based on the proportions wagered on each outcome. Totalisator odds are different to fixed odds in that they are not set until the race begins, no more bets are accepted and the total amount in the pool is finalised.

Tote operators were created to harness wagering to support the sustainability of racing, the welfare of horses, as well as employment for the large numbers of people involved in the sport around the world. Horse racing is a high cost and capital intensive sport to organise and operate, and requires considerable sustainable funding to survive. 

In markets with strong totes such as Japan, Hong Kong and France, racing generally does relatively well. In countries where other forms of betting have been licensed, racing can still do well if there is a fair balance of funding provided back to the sport from all types of betting. Australia would be a good example of this. In the US the position is rapidly changing from a pure racing tote market with the introduction of sports betting.

In the UK, the introduction of off course fixed odds betting in the early 1960s, with a relatively loose link to horseracing, has meant that British horseracing has lost pace with its fellow racing jurisdictions around the world when it comes to prize money and investment in the sport from the betting industry.

In South Africa and Australia there remains a mixed economy of fixed odds and pool betting. Australian racing has strong statutory support to ensure a meaningful percentage of betting revenues goes to horseracing ensures that prize money levels remain internationally competitive.

For many years there has been a steady but less than speedy process of the official totes connecting with each other to combine pools on racing – commonly known as commingling. There are several reasons for the slow progress, primarily the different bet types and conditions attached to similar bet types, but also the commingling technology (ITSP) which has been in place for more than 20 years but is still embedded in many heritage platforms. The most important development in commingling has been the World Pool, which is hosted by the Hong Kong Jockey Club. 

In addition to the main national or state totes, there are a number of private pool operators who offer access to the pools particularly for large international players who offer significant liquidity to the market.

Some countries, particularly the Gulf States, do not have licensed betting of any sort, and the sport relies mainly on the financial support of the state, the royal families and rich owners.

To a large degree, the level of funding available for horseracing is dependent on the level of support that national or state regulations provide, particularly with regard to funding from betting, and therefore any attempt to assume that success in one country can be used as a template for another should be treated with great caution.

Let’s take a high level look at what this means for the major racing jurisdictions.

France

The French pool betting market is around €9 billion annually, the profits from which are reinvested back into the sport. It is notable for its wide retail distribution through the vast network of over 20,000 tabacs (tobacco and convenience stores) in the country.

Pool betting in France is primarily controlled and run by the PMU despite attempts to open up the market over the last decade or so. The PMU returns all its benefits to the 66 French horse racing companies organising gallop and trotting races (France Galop and Le Trot), sustaining more than 60,000 direct and indirect jobs throughout France. 

In 2023, the PMU paid a total contribution of 835 million euros to France Galop and Le Trot. This financial contribution supported the operation of 233 racetracks and 26,000 horses in training.

Other types of betting operator have been licensed in France since 2010 but they remain heavily restricted and take only a very small share of the French horserace betting market.

Japan

The Japan Racing Association (JRA) is the custodian of horse racing and also tote betting at the national level. Pool betting on racing in Japan generated a betting turnover of over 2.5 trillion Yen (Euro 15 billion). The JRA is required to provide 10% of its gross betting turnover to the national treasury, as well as 50% of any surplus profits remaining at the end of the fiscal year. Three-quarters of the contribution must be used for improvement of livestock breeding and the JRA also contributes additional funds to horse breeding as well as the promotion of equestrian culture.

It is no coincidence that Japanese racing offers the largest pool of prize money in the world, given the JRA’s control of horserace betting in Japan under its vertically integrated sole licensed operator. Betting on other sports is also limited to only a small number of local sports such as bicycle, boat and motor racing.

The Japanese pool is restricted from commingling with other international pool operators, with only limited pilot trials having taken place to date. Typically this is driven by the presence of Japanese runners in overseas races, to allow Japanese punters to bet on these horses. When this does take place, it generally has a major impact because the level of Japanese betting will be significantly larger than the home pool.

Hong Kong

Hong Kong has vertically integrated racing and pool betting, operated by the Hong Kong Jockey Club (HKJC). It generates around HK$130 billion (€15 billion) in annual betting turnover, with the HKJC being the largest corporate taxpayer in Hong Kong, and operating one of the world’s largest and most active charitable trusts. All surplus funds after operating expenses are either reinvested in racing or passed to the HKJC Charities Trust.

Most recently, the HKJC has become the host of the most successful international pool betting initiative, the World Pool and involves a collaboration of over 25 racing jurisdictions allowing customers to bet into a single pool involving enormous liquidity. This enlarged liquidity ensures that there are less odds (price) variations in smaller betting markets and better value for all betting customers. In the 2023/24 racing season, there are 45 World Pool fixtures at racecourses around the world, and the number is likely to continue to grow.

By allowing international horseracing fans the ability to bet into one pool on the major group races around the world, it has created a significant additional betting revenue stream in other territories whereby, for example, racedays such as the Epsom Derby, Caulfield Cup and the Dubai World Cup benefit from the significant level of betting that can be generated. 

United States

In the US, betting is regulated at the state level and historically was limited to pari mutuel betting on horseracing.

Alongside this there were some examples of licensed casinos or slots which would usually be allowed only on racecourses or designated casino sites. Where a racecourse had such additional betting, it would significantly increase the level of prize money that racecourse could offer compared to other US racecourses.

The first Off Track Betting (OTB) service for horseracing was licensed in New York State in the 1970s, and rolled out in a number of states thereafter. These have been superseded by account deposit wagering services (ADWs). Horseracing remained the prime beneficiary of the OTBs and ADWs until in 2018 a Supreme Court ruling opened up the potential for states to licence fixed odds sports betting and almost 40 states have now done so to some extent.

US horserace pool betting is dominated by the two major racetrack groups - Churchill Downs (through its Twin Spires service) and the Stronach group (through their 1/ST and Xpressbet services). The two groups also own two of the major tote tech companies, United Tote (CD) and Amtote (1/ST). Churchill recently announced that NYRA (the racing operator in NY State) had completed its purchase of a 49% stake in United Tote.

Licensed betting on horseracing remains around $10 billion pa but betting on other sports has grown to over $90 billion pa.

United Kingdom

The UK has arguably the most competitive licensing environment for betting in the world. The UK Tote was created by Winston Churchill (a Jockey Club member) in 1926 as an independent body run for the good of racing; but unlike other countries, its betting monopoly was ended in the early 1960s with the creation of licensed fixed odds betting shops. Also unlike elsewhere, British horseracing was given no control over the off-course market, but instead a statutory levy was created to ensure that a small proportion of the profits from betting on horseracing was passed through to contribute to the financing of the sport.

Since that time, pool betting has had a declining share of the betting market and currently represents around 10%. The UK is dominated by fixed odds operators, and while British punters have the widest choice of competitive bets in the world, they also benefit from the highest return on bets in the world. This means that pool betting, with its higher take-out rates, struggles to match the pricing for fixed odds for simple bets, but is more competitive in so-called exotic bets, particularly the Place Pot.

The Levy is currently set at 10% of gross margin on betting on domestic horseracing, which, due to the highly competitive market and the low margins, is the equivalent of around 0.7% of betting turnover, amongst the lowest return from betting to horseracing in the world.

There have been various attempts to bring the Tote closer to racing, either through transferring its ownership to the sport, or through a preferential sale to racing, but these attempts have all failed. In 2011, the Tote was nationalised and then sold to the bookmaker group, Betfred, who sold it on to its current owners (which includes several large owners and breeders) in 2018. The UK Tote has had a commercial arrangement with the British racecourses (via their shared on-course betting company, Britbet) which is due for renewal in 2025.

Horserace betting remains at a significant level in the UK, c£5bn pa, second in Europe to France, but due to the difference to the regulatory structures, the amount transferred to the sport is significantly lower than in France.

Australia

Australia is arguably the best example of a mixed economy of pool and fixed odds betting, all of which provides significant funding back into horseracing. 

Each state and territory has its own regulatory authority for betting and racing. Betting is owned and run separately from the sport, and generates around €15 billion pa, which is pretty evenly split between pool betting and fixed odds.

Tabcorp Holdings, a public company, is the largest operator of pari-mutuel betting, running TAB-branded services across multiple states, and each state tends to have its own pool operator as well.

As in the UK betting operators are required to pay a proportion of their revenues to the sport, under what is known as Racing Fields regulations. The level required in Australia is significantly higher than the UK levy – typically between 1.5% and 3% of betting turnover - and allows Australian racing to offer prize money at the top end of international levels. 

Ireland

The betting market in Ireland has many similarities to the UK. Betting on horseracing is around €1.1bn to €1.3bn each year, with Tote Ireland representing a small proportion (6%-7%). Betting operators pay a government levy which is paid over to the horseracing industry via Horse Racing Ireland (HRI), usually between €80m - €100m pa. This funding supports the development and promotion of the industry, racecourse maintenance and annual prize money of around €65m pa.

South Africa

South Africa is a market with a mixed economy between the original pool operator (the SA Tote, owned by Phumelela, the largest racecourse group) and fixed odds operators. Phumelela has arrangements in place with the National Horseracing Authority of South Africa to support prize money and the promotion of SA racing in the country.

Pool betting on horseracing is around €400m pa and represents around two thirds of the market, with fixed odds operators growing fast.

Conclusion

The financial contributions to racing from totes are a critical part of the sustainability of racing, supporting a huge number of jobs in the sport. However, the regulatory and tax structure for pool betting varies considerably around the world.

Most countries will have started from a similar position of the tote being the only form of licensed betting as explained by Sir Winston Churchill: “I have always believed that it was a good thing for the State to organise the totalisator and take control of this form of betting in order to eliminate illegal practices and to ensure that a proper proportion of the proceeds went to public purposes.” 

The position in each country has diverged significantly over the last 100 years, and this means the impact on the funding for the sport is very different in each country. While there are areas of similarity, building greater collaboration between tote operators is a long road but one that can only benefit racing in the long term.

Electroarthrography to Predict Cartilage Quality

Article by Jackie Zions interviewing Dr. Adele Changoor

Researchers from the Ontario Veterinary College (OVC) and University of Toronto are developing a novel method to measure the quality of cartilage in horses using electroarthrography (EAG). EAG is a non-invasive technique that uses electrodes attached to the skin around a joint to detect electrical signals produced by the cartilage when it is loaded.

Dr. Adele Changoor, from the University of Toronto and Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, and Ontario Veterinary College researcher Dr. Judith Koenig from the department of Clinical Studies, explain how EAG works and why it may become very useful for predicting cartilage quality and diagnosing osteoarthritis and other degenerative joints diseases in horses.

EAG is analogous to electrocardiography (ECG), which measures the electrical activity of the heart. Cartilage produces electrical signals during loading and these signals reflect its biomechanical properties, such as stiffness and permeability. 

“By measuring EAG signals, we can get an idea of how healthy the cartilage is,” said Changoor.

Healthy cartilage ensures joints can move without pain and has an important role preventing wear and tear on bone.  

Currently, there are no readily available tools to assess cartilage quality in horses with the exception of diagnostic arthroscopy – a minimal invasive surgery – under general anaesthesia. X-rays and ultrasound are not sensitive enough to detect cartilage changes, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is expensive, requires anaesthesia and is often difficult to access. EAG offers a potential alternative that is fast, easy, and affordable.

“EAG is a promising tool for detecting cartilage damage early allowing intervention with treatments that can slow down or prevent further deterioration of the joint,” says Koenig “EAG could also help us monitor the effectiveness of treatments over time.”

EAG measurements were collected at the same time as the centre of pressure (COP), which measures the distribution of force under the horse’s hoof when it stands or walks. 

“EAG is really tied directly to cartilage biomechanical properties,” says Changoor.   “We also needed to know about the joint biomechanics in order to interpret EAG properly.”  A custom, portable, force mat was developed by Dr. Changoor’s graduate students that included an array of force sensors to place under the horse’s hoof when measuring EAG. 

“Then we can measure how much compressive force or ground reaction force is being exerted on that joint”, said Changoor.  “COP, is where the ground reaction force is acting.  The ground reaction force gives us the total load on the joint.  COP lets us figure out where on the hoof or where on the joint surface force is being concentrated.”

COP provides information about the joint biomechanics and the horse’s balance and stability.  EAG and COP testing were combined to get a comprehensive picture of the joint health and function in horses with osteoarthritis.  Results were compared with MRI imaging and it was found that EAG and COP testing correlated well with MRI and could detect differences in cartilage quality between healthy and osteoarthritic joints.

In the 2023 study involving horses with osteoarthritis in the fetlock joint; the horses were treated with MSCs to decrease inflammation and stimulate tissue healing. The researchers measured EAG, COP, and MRI before and after the treatment to evaluate its impact on cartilage quality.

“We observed that MSCs improved cartilage quality in some horses and EAG and COP testing were able to capture these changes and show the responses to treatment. This suggests that EAG and COP testing could be useful for selecting treatment options for the horse,” says Dr. Koenig.  “One of the biggest advantages of EAG is that it seems to correspond with our arthroscopic findings. It can perhaps evaluate the quality of the cartilage or cartilage defects, which we are at the moment only able to evaluate with arthroscopy.”

The researchers plan to conduct further studies in order to validate and refine EAG and COP testing for predicting cartilage quality in equines. They hope that these techniques will become widely available and accessible for veterinarians and horse owners in the future.

“This is an exciting and innovative research project that has the potential to improve the diagnosis and early management of osteoarthritis in horses,” says Dr. Koenig  “Osteoarthritis is a major health and welfare issue for horses and their owners, and we need better tools to detect it early and treat it. EAG and COP testing could provide a simple, affordable, and accurate way to assess cartilage quality and joint function in horses.”

EMHF Racing Industry Survey

Article by Paull Khan

In this issue, we take a novel perspective on our region’s national racing industries. As well as looking at various measures of their scale, we will – perhaps for the first time – consider these in the context of the overall size, population and wealth of the countries in question. 

Let us look at the big numbers first. Our region boasts over 300 racecourses staging thoroughbred racing, between them putting on nearly 5,000 races and running over 30,000 races for prize money of nearly €600M. These races are competed for by nearly 30,000 owners, 4,500 trainers and 4,300 jockeys. The average prize money across all 21 countries is – perhaps surprisingly – as high as circa €19,000 and the average field size a very respectable 9.1 (runners per race). It is also noteworthy that those horses which race average over five starts per year.

We produce over 27,000 thoroughbred foals – representing nearly one in three of the global foal crop.

Before looking at how these figures break down between the 21 countries, let us consider the context within which each racing industry exists: how big, how populous and how rich is each nation?

An early observation is the enormous disparity in their size. Our largest racing nation is not a factor of 9 bigger than our smallest, nor of 90, nor even 900. The Channel Islands could fit into Libya nearly 9000 times!

Turkey and Germany boast the highest human populations, some way ahead of Britain and France. 

In terms of overall size of the national economy, Germany is some way ahead of Britain and France. But when we look at how this wealth is spread across the population, a very different picture emerges. The wealthiest average citizen is to be found in Norway, with Switzerland and Ireland filling the places.

With that backdrop, our respondents answered questions on the scale and nature of their racing in the following way.

France boasts twice as many thoroughbred tracks as any other country, and together with Britain, accounts for 60% of the region’s total. Five of our members – Channel Islands, Cyprus, Hungary, Netherlands and Norway have just a single active racecourse.

Many of the French tracks race infrequently and, when looking at the number of individual days’ racing offered, Britain is the clear winner, with nearly four meetings taking place every single day. It is a similar story with the number of races run.

As for total prize money on offer, Britain and France are well clear of the field, accounting between them for nearly 70% of the region’s overall pot. 

But when it comes to average prize money per race, Britain (€21,527) drops to third behind both France (€29,098) and Ireland (€23,676).

All nations strive for significant average field sizes, in many cases looking to 8 as the magic number. It is interesting to note that the region as a whole comfortably exceeds that target – the EuroMed average being 9.2 runners. It might be expected that Ireland sits atop this table, but the fact that Morocco shares this lead, with Libya a close third, will surprise many.

The figures confirm Ireland’s numerical breeding dominance, its foal crop almost equating to that of France and Britain put together. A striking feature of these tables is Turkey’s high ranking on many measures. Foal crop is a case in point – Turkey now produces nearly four times as many thoroughbreds as either Germany or Italy. The country also makes a top-four spot in number of race days staged, number of races run and prize money offered. There is an argument to be made that Turkey should now be considered as being part of the ‘big four’ of EuroMed racing.

There has been much discussion in recent years, around the European Pattern Committee table and elsewhere, about the need for Europe to bolster its staying and sprint divisions. Countries were asked how many flat races they ran (a) at distances up to and including 1200m/6f (which is how, for the purpose of this exercise, we have defined ‘sprints’; (b) at distances between 2400m/12f up to 3200m/16f (which we have termed ‘Classic+); and (c) of 3200m/16F or longer (which we have called ‘long-distance’).

Britain stages more than double the sprints of any other country. Before one gets to either France or Ireland, one finds Turkey, Cyprus, Morocco, Italy and Libya.

On average, the region allocates 18% of our races to the sprinters. It is noteworthy – and a complete surprise to the author - that France appears right at the bottom of this particular table, with only 4.8% of its races being sprints.

Italy leads the way in running races in the ‘Classic+’ category. Here, the average allocation is 13.4%. While France (15.1%) is slightly above that, both Ireland (6.6%) and Britain (6.2%) are well below this figure.

But when it comes to true long-distance races, Britain is a clear leader, staging more than half of those in the whole region. Half of our countries do not stage a single long-distance race. Percentage-wise, both Britain and Ireland give the same exposure to long-distance races, at 1.2% of the total.

So, to return to the question of relativity, let us look first at which countries have the highest and lowest density of racecourses. Specifically, we’ve calculated how many tracks each country has for every 100,000sq.km. Norway, with its sole racecourse, has the lowest density, with only one-third of a racetrack in each of its 100,000sq.kms.  The figures reveal that Ireland, Britain and France have a remarkably similar racecourse density, posting figures of 24, 26 and 31 tracks/100,000sq.km respectively. But the runaway winner in this category is little Channel Islands. For France to match its racecourse density, it would need to build more than 2,500 new racecourses!

We remarked earlier on Ireland’s preeminent position in the breeding sector. But when one takes the human population into account, the findings are staggering. If one looks at the number of thoroughbreds born annually per million of the population, Britain has 68 foals, France 88 foals, Cyprus is a surprise second with 121 foals, but Ireland is on a different planet, with 1367.

Finally, we ask how each country’s prize money allocation stacks up against its national wealth. In other words, how much of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) does it spend on prize money for races? The figure we’ve chosen is annual prize money in Euros per $bn GDP. France and Britain come out near identical in third and fourth with €72K and €71K respectively. Ireland is comfortably ahead with €120K. But the runaway winner, remarkably, is Cyprus, which boasts £235K in prize money for every $bn of their national GDP.

And so, the answers to the quiz: Q1 You could fit 8,886 Channel Islands into Libya. Q2 Ireland and Morocco boast the highest average field sizes. Q3 France has the lowest percentage of its races that are sprints. Q4 Slovakia has the highest percentage of its races that are 2m/3200m+. Q5 Channel Isles has the most racecourses per square km. Q6 Ireland breeds the most thoroughbreds per million of its population. Q7 Cyprus devotes the highest proportion of its national wealth to prize money. Well done if you got those right!  

Sources: Country size data - Nationsonline.org (except Channel Islands, Wikipedia); Population data – worldpopulationreview,com (except Northern Ireland and Channel Islands, Wikipedia); GDP data – worldometers.info (except Northern Ireland, Channel Islands, Wikipedia); Exchange Rates – Xe Currency Converter. All other data – the Racing Authorities themselves.

TopSpec Trainer of the Quarter – Brian Meehan

Article by Lissa Oliver

Royal Ascot provided Wiltshire-based Brian Meehan with two Group successes when the impressive two-year-old Rashabar held on bravely to deny late finishers and win the Group 2 Coventry Stakes by a nose. It was a well-deserved change in fortune, as only a head had denied the Meehan-trained Kathmandu Classic glory in the Poule d’Essai des Pouliches three weeks earlier. The master of the historic Manton Stables then followed up at Royal Ascot when Jayarebe won the Group 3 Hampton Court Stakes.

Of Rashabar, Meehan says, “He was always a very nice horse. He showed in his early work that he had enough speed to be a Royal Ascot juvenile, so we made a plan reasonably early to run him at Newbury for his debut. We knew the five furlongs would be a bit too sharp, but we wanted to get runs into him and he ran much better than we thought he would [third]. Then the Chester race was a £40,000 maiden, which was a no-brainer really, and he ran the fastest final furlong. The form has worked out really well since, the winner came out and won the Woodcote Stakes at Epsom, so we knew he would be good enough for Ascot.

“Sean Levey said to me after Chester that when a horse runs around Chester it’s like having two runs, they learn so much, especially for a two-year-old who had only run once. Rashabar had been training so well at home and the team have done a tremendous job.”

Meehan describes Rashabar as a very kind horse, very simple and straightforward to deal with. “The plan now would be to go to the Prix Morny next and then The Breeders’ Cup Juvenile, a route we’ve done before. The preparation for The Breeders’ Cup is very straightforward, we’ll do a bit of bend work with him and a bit of stalls work with him when we get there.”

As every trainer knows, there’s no better joy than when a plan comes together, as was so nearly the case with Kathmandu at Longchamp, where she was beaten just a head by Rouhiya. “She will go to the Prix Jean Prat and will follow that up at Deauville in the Prix Rothschild or Prix Maurice du Gheest,” says Meehan. “It’s all about having nice horses. Planning is important and, like everyone I suppose, I start with the aimed race and work backwards from there.”

The facilities at Manton, one of Britain’s oldest and finest training centres, are second to none, with two grass gallops, a new polytrack and a woodchip, the gallops owned and maintained superbly by Freddie and Martyn Meade. There is also an equine pool. Since the 1860s, numerous Classic winners have been sent out from Manton, including two Triple Crown winners, and when Meehan took over the yard in 2006 he immediately added to the illustrious list, awarded International Trainer of the Year in his first season there.

Meehan remains grounded and ambitious. “The team are on a high, but one good week doesn’t make a season, we’ve got to keep up the effort for the whole year.”

Gerald Leigh Lectures 2024 - Optimising Youngstock Growth and Development

Beaufort Cottage Educational Trust hosted the annual Gerald Leigh Memorial Lectures at Tattersalls in Newmarket on June 11th.  These lectures are in association with the Gerald Leigh Charitable Trust as a way of recognising Mr. Leigh’s achievements as a racehorse owner and breeder as well as continuing his passion for scientific knowledge and welfare of horses in the race industry and the equine industry as a whole. 

Dr. Chavatte-Palmer provided a very insightful and interesting talk on the influence of maternal and environmental factors during the prenatal period on athletic performance.  The lecture discussed the phenomenon of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHAD) which is demonstrated with the increasing evidence of the role in parental nutrition and environmental conditions, from periods preceding conception and throughout gestation, on phenotypic development in horses.  She described how the nutritional environment before birth can affect the postnatal performance of the offspring as it is believed that nutrients can alter the way genes are expressed resulting in developmental trajectories that have repercussions on postnatal development.  With a strong understanding and knowledge in DOHAD, nutritional strategies can be considered and developed to optimise youngstock growth and development.  This is an exciting field as further research will potentially allow veterinarians and breeders to work cooperatively to optimise athleticism as well as the wellbeing and health of foals and mares. 

Dr. Joe Pagan of the Kentucky Equine Research kindly visited from the U.S.A to discuss equine feeding management practices and equine nutrition in sports medicine. His first lecture discussed the effects of season on mare and foal nutrition.  Through various studies some conclusions could be made and these conclusions do appear to be a global trend.  It was found that colts are heavier and taller than fillies.  

After 1 month of age, fillies were fatter than colts.  Foals born in January and February were smaller at birth and grew more slowly in early life but by 150 days of age this lag disappeared.  In addition, mare weight changes and body condition scores were related to season and management factors, as winter-foaling mares lost weight and had lower body condition post foaling than spring-foaling mares. 

Dr. Pagan continued with a lecture on the right balance for optimal growth and development of youngstock.  Recent research has shown that the health of the offspring of overweight mares may also be compromised. In addition, studies have shown that excess maternal nutrition during pregnancy can alter glucose and lipid (fat) metabolism in foals until 160 days of age.  Another study reported a higher incidence of osteochondrosis (OC) in foals born to dams that were fed concentrates during gestation rather than forage. 

A more recent study on the nutrition of the mare during the last trimester and subsequent foal health revealed some interesting observations.  It was found that the growth of foals from 6-24 months of age was not affected by maternal diet and maternal undernutrition appeared to affect bone growth as foals from dams fed forage only had narrower cannon bones than foals from dams fed forage and barley.  In addition, it was found that overfeeding negatively affected yearlings from mares fed barley and forage more than yearlings from broodmares fed only forage.  

Finally, there was a decrease in insulin sensitivity and enhanced insulin levels suggesting insulin dysregulation in yearlings from mares fed both barley and forage and not yearlings from forage-only mares.  Another exciting field of research that will also lead to greater cooperation of breeders and veterinarians in providing good health and wellbeing to foals and mares.   

These lectures had the pleasure of hosting Paul Overton, who is an equine agronomist with a strong understanding of pasture management.  His passion for his area of expertise and in helping with improving management of studs was abundant as he outlined the aims of pasture management that included the need to provide safe grazing pastures from parasites, colic and grass sickness, atypical myopathy and other ailments as well as to provide a safe area to exercise horses of all ages.  In addition, he made clear that fresh leafy bite grass in the paddocks all year round is key.  

We were reminded of the fundamentals of good basic pasture management that included a removal programme for muck, providing a dense leafy grass sward, sharing and mixing the paddock use with other livestock (sheep and cattle) and moving horses to various paddocks around the stud to maximise rest of all paddocks. To optimise paddock health, it should be remembered that all paddock management follows the horses around the seed, be guided by the weather rather than the calendar and work quickly to maximise rest periods. Finally, good simple paddock and grassland management can help a multitude of issues and every marginal gain is helpful. 

Julian Dollar gave us an insight into a stud manager’s approach to soundness.  It was an integral part of the lecture programme as it provided the audience with another perspective of stud management. He made it clear that a variety of factors must be considered when breeding and raising sound horses but two main criteria is a strong team and an attention to detail. 

The team needed is one that is completely dedicated and passionate about their horses and should consist of a veterinary service, farriers, nutrition/feed and land management support. There must be a cooperative work ethic in order to provide the best all round management as possible. This team must strive for excellence and work on marginal gains.
A sound breeding and rearing programme starts with mating focusing on sound parents, especially the mare, to produce sound offspring.  It is important to work with mother nature rather than interfering with it, thus focusing on a healthy environment. This strategy must be flexible that will allow one to provide the horses with a quality paddock. 

The offspring should be between 55-60 kg and they should have a seamless transition from birth to exercise and living out.  In addition, the foals should be monitored and assessed closely in order to achieve timely and maximum beneficial interventions that may include selective surgeries.  Finally, it is believed that the perfect preparation for a yearling to go into training would be some controlled exercise combined with turnout the rest of the time. 

Professor Jacqui Matthews, the director of Austin Davis Biologics, provided some sobering information on parasites and their resistance in the United Kingdom.  She explained that intestinal worms are found in most grazing animals and most breeding premises are at high infection risk due to the presence of young animals grazing permanent pastures as well as having a history of interval deworming treatments. 

In addition, wormer resistance is being reported in all major parasitic worms of horses.  Therefore, it is vital to have control plans that include a risk-assessment approach.  Professor Matthews made it very clear that we need to be concerned regarding parasites and their resistance to wormers on UK studs and we need to act now.  She explained the action that is needed which includes evidence-based worm control.  This approach requires risk assessment that allows one to identify potential issues in the management, the avoidance of all horses regularly being treated, the assessment of wormer effectiveness as well as the effectiveness of interventions. 

With respect to the management, there are some principles behind reducing anthelmintic use.  Good pasture hygiene can substantially reduce infective egg and larval stages in the environment and the lowering of this pasture contamination decreases parasites acquired when grazing.  Pasture management must include: 

• Dung removal works! Full removal of dung at least once per week and place it away from pastures and water courses.  

• Maintain low stocking density 

• Rest pastures – ideally 12 months and avoid grazing foals on same paddocks every year 

• Consider grazing with ruminants between equine groups 

With respect to treatment, make informed choices by using various tests such as faecal worm egg counts, faecal egg count reduction test, antibody-based tests to identify worms, and other tests.  Ultimately, do not blindly treat horses without considering the reason for worming and assessing wormer effectiveness. 

Professor Matthews followed up with a second lecture on integrating diagnostics into sustainable equine helminth control programmes.  An integrated diagnostic-led control programme should consider: 

• Faecal egg worm count in late winter if grazing year-round.  Recommend treatment if 200 or more eggs per gram and select your anthelmintic according to its sensitivity. 

• Tapeworm test in spring to identify individuals with tapeworm burdens and treat infected individuals as these horses will contaminate the paddocks with cestode eggs. 

Late spring/early summer perform faecal egg worm count reduction test in order to assess anthelmintic effectiveness annually.  Worm all horses that have FEC of >200 eggs per gram.  Perform FEC test at day 0 and 14 days after treatment. Calculate the mean percentage.

• Reduction in FEC between 0 and day 14 post treatment. 

• In late summer/early autumn perform tapeworm test to identify individuals that have, over the summer grazing period, accumulated high tapeworm burdens which may put them at risk of colic  

In late autumn perform a small redworm test.  In low infection-risk situations, test in late autumn/winter to identify individuals that do not require treatment for small redworm.  Use in low-risk groups where owners usually apply all-group larvicidal treatments.

With good pasture management one can lower the selection for resistance, leading to a lowering the need for wormer treatments, a lowering in the proportion of horses that test positive and a lowering of paddock contamination; therefore, less horses are likely to be infected and more likely to have lower burdens. 

With his 20 years of buying and selling thoroughbred bloodstock, Jamie Railton gave us insights into the business of foal purchasing.  He discussed all of the variables that must be taken into account when selecting foals for purchase.  Skill and experience are needed in spotting the foal with the potential to increase in value because of its physical improvement and its pedigree.  He explained that a team of people are required as well as having a system to select foals; however, the system must be flexible and one must still want to continue to learn from the process and adapt and later the selection criteria. In addition, he discussed the need to reinvent oneself with the continuous change in the trends seen in the market. 

Dr. Rebecca Mouncey is a veterinary surgeon and post-doctoral research fellow, currently investigating early-life determinants of performance and economics of thoroughbred breeding.  

Dr. Mouncey discussed how musculoskeletal disease and injury remains the greatest barrier to thoroughbreds being retained within the industry and realising their maximum athletic potential, and is likely to have important economic consequences.  She explained that lameness/musculoskeletal injury and disease are the most common barriers to performance.  The causes of these conditions of developmental orthopaedic diseases are fractures and tendon/ligament injuries. 

By improving the foal’s/yearling’s strength to withstand training and resist injury, while avoiding trauma, one can help with the prevention of these diseases.  Unfortunately, there are still important knowledge gaps. It is possible to optimise musculoskeletal health during early-life with exposure during critical stages of growth and development that changes the distribution of cell types, alters metabolic function and ultimately altering the susceptibility and injury in adulthood.  

Postnatally the period of greatest plasticity, response to external stimuli/exposures is during periods of most rapid growth and development.  By 24 months of age, the horse is 96% mature bodyweight and 98% mature height and reached peak bone mass.  There must be a balance in early-life exercise and activity as too little will delay musculoskeletal development and too much will cause tissue damage and trauma.  We must always consider the animal’s growth, nutrition and exercise as a whole and not mutually exclusive.  

Abigail Kent MRCVS from Rossdales Veterinary Surgeons, presented an interesting lecture on the diagnosis and treatment of limb deformities in foals.  Dr. Kent is very knowledgeable in all aspects of equine elective and emergency surgery and has a particular interest in orthopaedics, specifically arthroscopy, angular limb correction and fracture repair.  

Limb deformities in foals are developmental orthopaedic conditions, that can be subdivided into 2 major groups: 1) angular limb deformities, in which there is deviation, primarily in the frontal plane, originating at a joint and/or growth plate and 2) flexural limb deformities, in which there is persistent hyperflexion or hyperextension of the limb. 

These conditions may be acquired or congenital and the aetiology is multifactorial.  Early appropriate intervention is the key to the best outcome. Angular limb deformities are relatively common in foals and strategies for management, including surgical techniques, are well established.  Early recognition, diagnosis and monitoring are essential in order to ensure optimal outcomes. 

In cases of severe deformities that fail to respond adequately to conservative approaches (restricted exercise, splints, corrective hoof trimming and shoeing) other treatments such as timely surgery may be used.  Transphyseal screws are effective for the corrections of both forelimb and hindlimb limb deformities.  Flexural limb deformities can be treated conservatively with the mainstays of limited controlled exercise, nursing care, manipulation of the foot with trimming/shoes, splinting/casting and pain management.

Surgical intervention is typically recommended when conservative treatment is not effective or for severe or rapidly worsening deformities. The goal of surgery is to release tension in the restrictive musculotendinous unit, allowing for greater stretch and more normal range of motion of the affected joint. 

In conclusion, all the contributors provided the participants a very interesting and illuminating day.  This event highlighted the lengths that all stakeholders and the veterinary profession are taking to constantly improve the health and wellbeing of the horses and the health of the race industry.