Studying the feed behaviour of horses in training - why we keep on losing the battle with ulcers?

Article by Catherine Rudenko

Is this the biggest challenge when it comes to managing digestive health for horses in training? 

Keeping a racehorse healthy inside and out can be a real challenge. The nature of training and the environment in which racehorses live presents a constant set of risks. Managing those risks and balancing them against what is needed to achieve success is a fine art. 

So where does risk come from when it comes to digestive function? Are those risks manageable within the racing environment? What can you realistically expect to achieve with changes to feed, feeding practice and the use of supplements?

One of the biggest risk factors for digestive health is the stabled environment and the pattern of feeding required to fit in around a typical working day for stable staff, coupled with the need to get out on the gallops. On top of this is then the individual’s feeding behaviour, something that can easily be overlooked when the ‘what is fed’ is the same for all horses on the yard. Individual behaviour is perhaps one of the hardest aspects to tackle, whilst replicating a natural feeding pattern is nearly impossible.

The most common digestive concern is gastric ulcers, and many feeds and supplements are now available and marketed for this condition. Yet ulcers still exist and continue to frustrate many trainers despite making dietary changes. Why is this? The answer lies in gaining a better understanding of what a ‘good’ feed pattern and diet looks like from the horses’ perspective versus what is effective for performance and realistic in a typical racing yard. 

What is a natural feeding pattern?

Free ranging horses typically show 10-15 distinct feeding bouts in a 24-hour period (1).

Time spent resting or engaged in other non-feeding activities will not normally exceed 3-4 hours per session (2). Meaning the stomach is rarely truly empty.

The majority of feeding behaviour happens during daylight hours, typically 60-70% of time available (3).

During nighttime hours the amount of time spent as feeding behaviours reduces to 40-50% of those hours (3).

The total amount of time spent grazing across multiple feeding bouts is connected to the season and daylight hours. During summer months intake is around 14 hours in total versus 12 hours in the winter (4).

The natural feeding pattern is driven by the design of the horses’ digestive anatomy and is key to good health and normal function. The further away from these patterns we move any horse the greater the risk of dysfunction. 

What is a typical feeding pattern for a horse in training? 

The time study below shows the time taken for a group of 5 horses in training to eat their bucket feed and forage allocations in a 24-hour period. All horses in this observational study were in full training and worked in the morning of the study at different time points depending on their lot. Horses were observed from 4:45am until 9:15pm.  

One of the key aspects of natural feeding behaviour is the amount of feeding periods or ‘mini-meals’ a horse consumes. For 4 out of the 5 horses from completion of their evening forage to the next meal of breakfast was a period of time in excess of 8 hours , approximately 33% of the 24-hour period. During these nighttime hours feeding behaviour normally occurs in free ranging horses and supports regulation of the digestive system. 

For wild horses the total time spent eating is 12-14 hours in a 24 hour period. They do not normally have periods exceeding 12 hours in every 24 without some form of intake. For 4 out of the 5 horses there were distinct periods where all feed and forage had been consumed. The amount of time without any feed or forage available for the horses ranged from as little as 3 hours and 40 minutes up to 15 hours 30 mins in a 24-hour period.

Natural feeding patterns rarely see more than a 3-4 hour gap between each ‘mini-meal’ and at these points where gaps exist, it is important to remember that food has been available for 24 hours without restriction leading up to these chosen breaks in forage intake. The break in intake is short and during this time the stomach is unlikely to be truly empty. For horses in training it is easy to have periods in excess of 3 hours without any intake of feed or forage. 

Although the period from finishing breakfast to morning forage being given was for some horses less than 3 hours, the stomach when receiving that breakfast was in a fasting state. Ordinarily in the natural environment the stomach is rarely truly empty as it can take anywhere from 2-6 hours for the stomach to empty depending on what and how much has been consumed (5). When giving a bucket feed to a horse in a fasting state the rate of transit of that feed through the stomach will be relatively short, and depending on which lot the horse is pulled out for, can result in the horse being worked on an empty or near empty stomach. 

Why does this matter? 

One of the common causes of squamous ulceration is ‘acid splashback’ which relates to strenuous exercise and the movement of acidic content from the lower glandular region of the stomach to the unprotected squamous area (6). When the stomach contains feed or forage it is more difficult for the acidic content to be forced upwards to the squamous area. This is why it is recommended to include chaff in the breakfast feed or provide a small amount of forage as these fibrous sources are slower to pass through the stomach and can help reduce the level of acidity seen in the proximal portion of the stomach. The key point here is reduction not elimination. The practice will not prevent ulceration occurring, but it will reduce exposure.

The table below shows the difference between horses that were fasted for only 2 hours before exercise and those fasted for 18 hours. 

One of the challenges in racing is the differing amount of time between the breakfast feed and being saddled up for work. On top of this some horses will naturally consume their allocated feed faster. Even within the small number of horses observed in the study in Figure 1 there was notable variation in the time taken to eat the same amount of bucket feed given. Some of this variation comes from giving all horses the same breakfast by weight, which represents a different meal size against their bodyweight. Variation also exists as racehorses are individuals and appetite is flexible and influenced by other factors such as level of fitness and stress.  

Figure 3 shows the amount of dry matter provided in the breakfast feed to each horse and considers it against the bodyweight of the individual horse. The breakfast given was 2.2kg of a cubed racing feed alongside 0.6kg of an alfalfa based chaff. 

Can feed intake be slowed down?

In terms of feed format, pelleted feeds are consumed faster than mueslis or ‘sweet feeds’ (7). The addition of chaff mixed with the feed can slow intake, but for it to be effective there must be a reasonable amount given compared to the amount of pelleted or textured feed. As a rough guide, providing an additional 30% of the hard feed weight as a chaff will make a notable difference to the rate of intake. 

Whilst the aim is to slow intake it is important to keep in mind that feeding hard feeds too close to strenuous exercise is not recommended. Ideally feed is withheld for 2 hours before exercise. Forages, eg hay, haylage and alfalfa chaff, do not need to be removed but intake should be restricted to a small amount, typically 1kg. Providing a small amount of forage in this format helps maintain saliva production, which assists with regulation of acidity, and provides some fill for the stomach. 

Does forage intake matter?

Risk factors for gastric ulceration and colic when it comes to forage are similar. Diets low in forage and high in concentrates increase risk, along with intermittent feeding patterns and/or periods of fasting. 

In addition to what is given and the pattern that fits practically at a yard, is the fact that horses, like many other species, do not have a fixed rate of intake when a meal of any sort is presented. The majority will have a higher consumption rate at the start of feeding than at the end. With the observed horses hourly weigh backs of forage were carried out for a period of 6 hours to determine rate of consumption. During this time no bucket feed was present.  Figure 4 shows the individual intakes.

In the case of horses in training this is another problem to consider when it comes to evening feeds. Whilst the amount of forage given may be reasonable and in line with expected appetite, the feeding behaviour of the horse means there is not a consistent or regular intake of forage observed until the following morning feed.  True feeding of ad-lib forage, above what a horse needs or could eat in a 24-hour period, is rarely given and often impractical. The reality is that most horses in training will have a prolonged period of zero feed or forage intake during nighttime hours, which is the opposite of natural feeding behaviour. 

This is a practical challenge which for many yards is not easily overcome. Ideally forage should be fed at more regular intervals, rather than twice daily, to more closely replicate the 10-15 feeding bouts observed in wild horses. 

What can be done to improve feed patterns?

Simply put, the longer a horse spends eating the better. 

An enthusiastic eater that is ‘keen at the pot’ might be taken as a sign of good health, but a speedy intake that leads to a feeding pattern with longer periods between any sort of meal isn’t necessarily a good thing. A horse that appears a little slow with their forage but still consumes a good amount over a daily basis is not a bad thing as the pattern of eating is closer to multiple mini meals. 

  • Using a good amount of chaff in every feed will prolong feed intake and requires additional chewing which helps increase salivation. 

  • In the case of morning feeds ideally a little hay or haylage could be given, particularly for later lots to ensure the presence of some fibre in the stomach when working. Such a presence will not completely stop acidity in the delicate squamous area of the stomach, but it will reduce it. 

  • Providing the evening forage as late as is possible to reduce the amount of time between evening forage being consumed and breakfast given. 

  • Taking note of ‘speedy eaters’ and considering if hay nets or hay feeders would be appropriate to prolong the time taken to consume their evening allocation. Hay nets in different locations in the stable, for example one at the front and one at the back, can also influence how quickly all the forage is consumed. 

  • Consider the type of forage given. Hay can be easier to provide on more of a free choice basis as horses will consume less hay than haylage on a dry matter basis in a set period of time (1).

What is a realistic expectation for managing digestive health?

The need for high energy intakes to fuel performance means reliance on hard feeds and a limited amount of forage. The horse does not have an unlimited appetite and even when provided with additional forage will not necessarily consume enough or consume it in a regular fashion. Replicating a natural feed pattern for horses in training is close to impossible and inevitably results in digestive disorders, but making changes and trying to reduce that risk is worth doing. The differences made may be small, but winning margins can be just as small.

The purpose of feeding low starch diets to horses in training is to reduce the specific element of risk that comes from high starch feeding. In doing so that element of risk is managed and the diet is one step closer to a more natural fibre-based diet. But it is one area of risk alone and mitigating this risk does nothing to control the risk of ulcers or colic from intermittent feeding, the impact of withholding water,  the effect of travel and the physical effects on the stomach from strenuous exercise in the case of ulcers.

Using supplements that support healing of tissues, the function of mucus barriers or buffer acidity in the stomach are all part of trying to manage gastric ulcers, a disorder that is created through the training environment and the intensity of work required to achieve a race fit state. Such supplements are not designed to treat or prevent ulcers, they are not medicines and should not claim to do so, but they play an important part in trying to maintain a healthy digestive system.

Equally using supplements that support hindgut function through promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, stabilising the pH of the hindgut or ‘mopping up’ pathogenic bacteria are all part of trying to maintain a healthy hindgut, which has many benefits, and reduces the risk of disorder within this section of the digestive anatomy. 

The most important thing when considering gastric ulcers and other digestive disorders is to be realistic about what you can achieve within your environment, and to be realistic about what difference feeds and supplements alone can make. Any steps that can be taken to reduce risk are worth implementing as the aim is to keep the digestive system as healthy as possible so that the food you provide is converted to the nutrients needed to maximise performance and maintain general good health.




References

1. Ellis,A.D.,2010. Biological basis of behaviour in relation to nutrition and feed intake in horses. In A.D. Ellis, A.C.Longland, M.Coenen & N.Miraglia, ed. The impact of nutrition on the health and welfare of horses. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 53-74

2. Ralston,1984; Vulink,2001, cited in Ellis,A.D.,2010. Biological basis of behaviour in relation to nutrition and feed intake in horses. In A.D. Ellis, A.C.Longland, M.Coenen & N.Miraglia, ed. The impact of nutrition on the health and welfare of horses. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 58.

3. Vulnik,2001; Boyd 1988; Berger et al.,1999; Edouard et al.,2009 cited in Ellis,A.D.,2010. Biological basis of behaviour in relation to nutrition and feed intake in horses. In A.D. Ellis, A.C.Longland, M.Coenen & N.Miraglia, ed. The impact of nutrition on the health and welfare of horses. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 58.

4. Vulnik,2001 cited in ELLIS,A.D.,2010. Biological basis of behaviour in relation to nutrition and feed intake in horses. In A.D. Ellis, A.C.Longland, M.Coenen & N.Miraglia, ed. The impact of nutrition on the health and welfare of horses. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 59.

5. Frape, D. (2010) Equine Nutrition and Feeding. 4th Edition. United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell

6. Lorenzo-Figueras,M. Merrit,AM. Effects of exercise on gastric volume and pH in the proximal portion of the stomach of horses. Am J Vet Res. 2002;63(11):1481-1487

7. Hintz et al 1985 cited in Geor,J. Harris,P. Coenen,M. (2013) Equine Applied and Clinincal Nutrition. China: Elsevier

Equine Nutrition - be wary of false feeding economies

Article by Louise Jones

Equine Nutrition - feeding a horse on a budget

Many horses, especially performance horses, breeding stallions, and broodmares at certain stages of production, require additional calories in the form of hard feed. Whilst in the current economic climate, with rising costs and inflation, it might be tempting to look at lower cost feeding options; in reality, this could be a false economy. When choosing a feed, in order to ensure that you are getting the best value for money and are providing your horses with the essential nutrients they require, there are a number of factors to consider.

Quality 

The ingredients included in feed are referred to as the raw materials. These are usually listed on the feed bag or label in descending order by weight. Usually they are listed by name (e.g., oats, barley wheat) but in some cases are listed by category (e.g., cereals). Each raw material will be included for a specific nutritional purpose. For example, full-fat soya is a high-quality source of protein, whilst cereals such as oats are mainly included for their energy content, also contributing towards protein, fibre and to a lesser degree, fat intake.

Equine Nutrition - feeding a horse on a budget

Waste by-products from human food processing are sometimes used in the manufacture of horse feed. Whilst it is true that they do still hold a nutritional value, in most cases they are predominantly providing fibre but contain poor levels of other essential nutrients. Two of the most commonly used by-products are oatfeed and distillers grains. Oatfeed is the fibrous husks and outer layer of the oat and it mainly provides fibre. Distillers grains are what is left over after yeast fermentation of cereal grains used to produce alcohol. The leftover grain is dried and used in the feed industry as a protein source. Distillers grains can be high in mycotoxins, which are toxic chemicals produced by fungi in certain crops, including maize. Furthermore, despite being used as a protein source, distillers grains are typically low in lysine. As one of the first limiting amino acids, lysine is a very important part of the horse’s diet; horses in work, pregnant mares and youngstock all have increased lysine requirements.

Manufacturing equine feeds

Another ingredient to look out for on the back of your bag of feed is nutritionally improved straw, often referred to as “NIS”. This is straw that has been treated with chemicals such as sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) to break down the structural fibre (lignins) and increase its digestibility. Straw is a good example of a forage which contains filler fibre; in fact, you can think of it as the horse’s equivalent of humans eating celery. Traditionally, oat straw was used to make NIS, however many manufacturers now use cheaper wheat or barley straw due to the rising cost of good quality oat straw.  Not all companies state what straw is used and instead use generic terms such as cereal straw, which again, allows them to vary the ingredients used depending on cost and availability. 

By law, feed manufacturers must declare certain nutrients on the feed bag, one of which is the percentage crude protein. This tells you how much protein the feed contains. However, not all protein is created equal; some protein is of very high quality, whilst other proteins can be so low in quality that they will limit a horse’s ability to grow, reproduce, perform or build muscle. Protein ‘quality’ is often measured by the levels of essential amino acids (e.g., lysine, methionine) it contains. In most cases feed manufacturers do not have to list the amount of these essential amino acids; but looking at the ingredient list will give you a clue as to how good the protein quality is. Good sources of high-quality protein include legumes and soybean meal, whereas by-products often contain moderate- or low-quality protein, even though they may be relatively high in crude protein. 

Understanding more about the ingredients in your bag of horse feed will help you to assess whether they are providing good, quality nutrition. Feeds containing large proportions of lower quality ingredients will obviously be cheaper, but this could compromise quality of the products. The goal therefore is to ensure that the nutritional makeup of the products remains high quality and consistent. 

Cooking for digestibility 

Digestibility is a term used to describe the amount of nutrients that are actually absorbed by a horse and are therefore available for growth, reproduction, and performance. Understanding digestibility of energy sources—such as fibre, fat, starch, and sugar as well as protein, vitamin and mineral digestibility—is important when devising optimal diets for horses. 

cooking for digestibility in horse feed

Most of the energy in grains is contained in the starch; however, horses cannot fully digest starch from uncooked (raw) grains in the small intestine, which results in this undigested starch traveling into the hindgut where it will ferment and potentially cause hindgut acidosis. Therefore, in order to maximise pre-caecal digestibility, feed manufacturers cook the grain. Similarly, soya beans must be carefully processed prior to feeding them to horses. This is because raw soybeans contain a specific enzyme that blocks the action of trypsin, an enzyme needed for protein absorption.

There are various methods of cooking including pelleting, micronizing, extrusion, and steam-flaking.  This is a fine art as, for example, undercooking soya beans will not deactivate the enzymes correctly, thus resulting in reduced protein absorption. On the other hand, overcooking will destroy essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, threonine, and possibly others.

Variation in cooking methods, and hence digestibility, can have a direct impact on how the finished product performs. Your individual feed manufacturer should be able to tell you more about the cooking processes they use to maximise digestibility.

Micronutrient and functional ingredients specification

The back of your bag of feed should list the inclusion of vitamins, such as vitamin E, and minerals including copper and zinc. A lower vitamin and mineral specification is one way feed companies can keep the cost of their products down. For example, the vitamin E level in one unbranded Stud Cube is just 200 iu/kg—50% lower than in a branded alternative.

Equine Nutrition - feeding a horse on a budget

For most vitamins and minerals, the levels declared on the back of the bag/label only tell the amount actually added and do not include any background levels provided by the raw materials. In other marketing materials, such as brochures, some companies will combine the added figure with the amount provided by other raw materials in order to elevate the overall figure. For example, a feed with 50 mg/kg of added copper may list the total copper as 60 mg/kg on their website or brochure.  Whilst it is perfectly acceptable to do this, it is equally important to recognise that background levels in different raw materials can vary and hence should not be relied upon to meet requirements. To complicate this slightly further, chelated minerals (e.g., cupric chelate of amino acids hydrate, a copper chelate) may be included. Chelated minerals have a higher bioavailability, and so a feed with a high inclusion of chelated copper may perform as well as one that has an even higher overall copper level but does not include any chelates.

Equally important is the need to verify that any specific functional ingredients such as prebiotics or yeast are included at levels that are likely to be efficacious. 

Feeding rates

Equine Nutrition - feeding a horse on a budget

Whilst the cost of a bag of feed is undeniably important, another aspect that should be considered is the amount of feed required to achieve the desired body condition and provide a balanced diet. Feeding higher volumes of hard feed not only presents a challenge from a gastrointestinal health point of view but also increases the cost per day of feeding an individual. For example, the daily cost of feeding 8kg of a feed costing £400/€460 per tonne vs 5¼ kg of a feed costing £600/€680 per tonne are exactly the same. Plus, the lower feeding rate of the more expensive product will be a better option in terms of the horse’s digestive health, which is linked to overall health and performance. To keep feeding costs in perspective, look at the cost of feeding a horse per day rather than relying on individual product prices.

Consistency 

Consistency of horse feeds

When a nutritionist creates a recipe for a horse feed, they can either create a ‘set recipe’ for the feed or a ‘least cost formulation’. A set recipe is one that doesn’t change and will use exactly the same ingredients in the same quantities. The benefit of this is that you can rest assured that each bag will deliver the same nutritional profile as the next. However, the downside is that if the price of a specific ingredient increases, unfortunately, so will the cost of the product.

On the other hand, least-cost formulations use software to make short-term recipes based on the cost of available ingredients. It will use the cheapest ingredient available. When done correctly, they will provide the amount of calories (energy), crude protein, vitamins and minerals as specified on the label. However, the ingredients will change, and protein quality can be compromised. Often feed companies using least-cost formulations will print their ingredients on a label, rather than the bag itself, as the label can be amended quickly and cheaply, should they alter the recipe.

Checking the list of ingredients in your feed regularly should alert you to any formulation changes.  Equally look out for feeds that include vague ingredient listings such as ‘cereal grains and grain by-products, vegetable protein meals and vegetable oil’; these terms are often used to give the flexibility to change the ingredients depending on how costly they are.

Peace of mind

Lab testing horses feed - BETA NOPS registered feed manufacturers

Another important issue is that some companies producing lower-cost feeds may not have invested in the resources required to carry out testing for naturally occurring prohibited substances (NOPS) such as theophylline, banned substances (e.g., zilpaterol - an anabolic steroid) or mycotoxins (e.g., zearalenone). It is true that, even with the most stringent testing regime, identifying potential contamination is difficult; and over recent years, a number of feed companies have had issues.  However, by choosing a feed manufacturer who is at the top of their game in terms of testing and monitoring for the presence of such substances will give you peace of mind that they are aware of the threat these substances pose, and they are taking significant precautions to prevent their presence in their products. It is important to source horse feed from a BETA NOPS registered feed manufacturer at a minimum. It may also be prudent to ask questions about the feed manufacturer’s testing regime and frequency of testing.  

Supplements – to use or not to use?

A good nutritionist will be able to assess any supplements that are fed, making note of why each is added to the diet and the key nutrients they provide. It is easy to get stuck into the trap of feeding multiple supplements that contain the same nutrients, effectively doubling up on intake. Whilst in many cases this isn’t nutritionally an issue, it is an ineffective financial spend. For example, B vitamins can be a very useful addition to the diet, but if provided in levels much higher than the horse needs, they will simply be excreted in the urine. Reviewing the supplements you are feeding with your nutritionist to ensure they are essential and eliminating nutritional double-ups is one of the simplest ways to shave off some expense.

Review and revise

A periodic review of your horse’s diet ensures that you’re providing the best nutrition in the most cost-effective way. This will require the expertise of a nutritionist. Seeking advice on online forums and social media is not recommended as this can lead to misinformed, biased advice or frankly, dangerous recommendations. On the other hand, a properly qualified and experienced nutritionist will be able to undertake a thorough diet evaluation, carefully collecting information about forages, concentrates, and supplements. 

Equine nutritionists and feed bag labelling

Working with a nutritionist has many advantages; they will be able to work with you to ensure optimal nutrition, whilst also helping to limit needless expenses. Some nutritionists are better than others, so choose wisely. (Does the person in question have the level of qualifications?) Bear in mind that while qualifications can assure you that the nutritionist has rigorous science-based training, experience is also exceptionally important. Ask them about their industry experience and what other clients they work with to ensure they have the right skill set for your needs. In addition, a competent nutritionist will be willing and able to interact with your vet where and when required to ensure that the health, well-being, and nutrition of your horses is as good as it can be. 

There are independent nutritionists available, but you will likely incur a charge—often quite a significant one. On the other hand, the majority of feed companies employ qualified, experienced nutritionists and offer their advice, free of charge.

Product Focus

Three new products available for trainers this spring 2023

PAVESCO - TWYDIL® ARTRIDAY

PAVESCO - TWYDIL® ARTRIDAY

NEW feed supplement for joints from TWYDIL®, Switzerland.

Since MSM has been registered as a controlled substance, we decided to launch on the equine market a product that can be used daily and long term.

Following our recent scientific investigations, it appears that the combination of chondroïtin, glucosamine, pro-anthocyanin and ASU brings an active and efficient support on the cartilage health and its functionality. 

ASU means « avocado and soybean unsaponifiable fatty acids ». This extract is particularly efficient for the stabilisation of the cartilage extra-cellular matrix, bringing a noticeable preventive effect. The combination of these ingredients have an effect on all parts of the joints: cartilage, synovial fluid and membrane. The pro-anthocyanin fraction has a powerful anti-oxidant property with a high tropism for joints, so breaking the vicious circle conducting to lameness.

Horses show an improvement of their general suppleness and of their stride. The well-being is also taken into consideration because training is better tolerated. 

50g daily for 30 days minimum is recommended to observe an improvement. It may be needed to continue for a longer period in sensitive horses.

The product is available in 1.5 kg pails.

For more information visit: www.twydil.com


NAF Five Star Metazone 

By Dr Andy Richardson BVSc CertAVP(ESM) MRCVS, Veterinary Director at NAF

NAF Five Star Metazone 

Whatever the challenge, keep your yard ‘in the zone’ with NEW NAF Five Star Metazone. 

Metazone has been formulated by the Veterinary and Nutrition experts at NAF and is an innovative, evidence based nutraceutical that targets the support of natural anti-inflammatory pathways in all racehorses. The synergistic blend of plant based phytochemicals that make up this product support these pathways wherever they are needed in the body - whether that be for joints, hooves, tendons, ligaments, muscles or skin. The unique herbal complex of Metazone works in synergy wherever those triggers occur within the system, to ensure we maintain freedom from discomfort. Maintaining optimum comfort ensures racehorse welfare and provides an optimal environment for recovery and maximising athletic potential.

Unwanted or excessive inflammation is a major issue for the well-being and performance of horses in training and a major cause of lost training days and missed races. Metazone is the culmination of many years of research and knowledge gathered by the scientific team at NAF on how plant based phytochemicals can positively influence the body.

Formulated specifically to manage, relieve and control, Metazone provides nutritional support for common issues that may interrupt a training schedule. Metazone supports a horse’s natural anti-inflammatory responses, which are often under maximum stress when in training, helping them to stay sound through periods of repeated, strenuous exercise. The product is suitable when a short term boost is needed but may also be used for long term daily administration when comfort is key. The natural formula is gut kind and designed to work effectively without compromising gut health. It can be fed alongside any other NAF product that will support underlying structures as required.

Independently trialled, Metazone has been robustly trialled by equine researchers at The Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester in a blinded, cross-over designed trial, and assessed by a panel of external vets. Real results research also includes trials with leading trainers, who have all seen the benefit of getting their horses ‘in the Metazone’. 

Metazone is available as a fast-acting liquid, in an instant use syringe and as palatable powder. The liquid comes in 5L and 1L sizes with the syringes available as 3 x 30ml and the powder is in a 1.2kg tub. 

For more information on pricing and the product, contact NAF’s Racing Manager Sammy Martin on 07980 922041 or smartin@naf-uk.com


Plusvital - Neutragast

Plusvital Neutragast is now available in pellets.

Ideal for fussy eaters, Neutragast Pellets promote gastrointestinal health in convenient & palatable soy protein base pellet form.

Using research proven ingredients to promote digestive performance the pellets contain key ingredients boswellia extract, calcified seaweed, saccharomyces cerevisiae and provides a source of B vitamins to help with food metabolism.

Boswellia extract (Terepenes and Boswellic acids) have been shown to have several beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Boswellia compounds have been shown to be of benefit in cases of intestinal inflammation. This is achieved through modulation of the inflammatory cell (leukocyte) response.

Calcified seaweed has been reported to have a positive effect on buffering of pH in equine stomachs. Presented in the form of Lithothamnium Calcareum this acts as a safeguard against excess acid within the stomach.

Additionally Plusvital Neutragast Pellets contain the amino acid Threonine which is one of the main amino acid components of the protein mucin. Mucin forms a gel-like structure which makes up the mucosal barrier that protects the stomach wall against its own acidic secretions.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (active yeast) is a probiotic which promotes intestinal health through multiple pathways including increased fibre digestion.

As it is a pellet supplement it works well with pelleted feed or straight feed concentrates and can be used as part of a daily routine.

For more information visit: www.plusvital.com

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Which products and services should trainers be using in 2023?

Cavalor - ArtiTech

Low-grade inflammation is common in joints that perform. However, joint inflammation initiates a cascade of catabolic reactions that gradually degrade the cartilage and may result in lameness.

Cavalor - ArtiTech

During an extensive research program, Cavalor has designed a multi-ingredient nutraceutical that helps with protecting joints of equine athletes. The effectiveness of Cavalor ArtiTec has been documented by both in vitro and in vivo experiments and the overall efficacy in the treatment of lameness is supported by the results of a clinical pilot study.

The efficacy and especially the synergistic potential of the individual raw materials and botanical ingredients on inflammation, cartilage protection and repair has been studied over 7 years. These findings have led to the final formulation of Cavalor ArtiTec.

Combining botanical ingredients is a widely applied practice to compose effective products. The final result is believed to be of similar or better potency as that of a single herb. The advantage of using suboptimal efficacious dose levels of each botanical ingredient is reducing the risk of potential toxicities associated with the usage of single herbs.

In the follow-up of the results of previous studies, 7 candidate formulations were evaluated (in vitro) to further unlock the mechanism of action of these formulations and their efficacy. The influence on various biomarkers related to joint health and homeostasis were evaluated using primary human chondrocytes isolated from knee joints in various in vitro models. This study has led to the development of the final candidate formulation for evaluation in a combined mechanistic and efficacy horse specific joint inflammation model (Phase III).

In conclusion, Cavalor ArtiTec is a complete multi-ingredient nutraceutical with proven efficacy for optimising joint health in equine athletes. Cavalor ArtiTec delivers everything our equine ‘athletes’ deserve during periods of intense activity and stress. 

For more information contact: Website: www.cavalordirect.co.uk Telephone: +44 1902 213483

Duggan Veterinary - ConfidenceEQ®

Pheromone communication has been at the heart of Duggan Veterinary Supplies expertise for over 40 years, and we are now pleased to announce the launch of the innovative equine appeasing pheromone, ConfidenceEQ®.

Duggan Veterinary - ConfidenceEQ®

A pheromone is a naturally occurring chemical that an animal produces used for intraspecies communication, which means that their presence automatically and predictably affects all members of the same species, regardless of age or gender.

Like many mammals, nursing mares naturally emit a calming pheromone that reassures their newborn foal. When the foal encounters unfamiliar situations and uncharted territory, this pheromone makes the foal feel comfortable, secure, and more self-assured, enabling them to better learn about their surroundings. ConfidenceEQ® is an identical replica of this horse appeasing pheromone. Numerous studies have been conducted since the equine appeasing pheromone was discovered, proving its effectiveness in reducing stress in conditions that occur frequently in horses of all ages.

Donal Duggan is delighted to add ConfidenceEQ® to the Duggan Veterinary Equine armoury, stating: “The ideal time to use ConfidenceEQ® is when you anticipate your horse will be exposed to something new which they may find stressful. ConfidenceEQ® helps reassure horses, helping them focus allowing them to use their own skills to cope with their surroundings and can be used to help build confidence in situations such as: Loading, travelling and recovery after arrival; Environmental changes (new yard, stabling) or competition environment; Social situations (weaning foals, meeting new horses); Dealing with loud noises (large crowds, thunderstorms, fireworks); Breaking young horses and introducing new exercises during training; Farrier, vet, or dental visits.”

Horses in these situations may show signs of stress such as pawing, vocalising, flared nostrils, kicking, lack of concentration, and resistance. These behavioural changes are due to an elevated cortisol level, which when prolonged, also triggers multiple physiological responses like increased heart rate and blood pressure, weakening of the immune system, cribbing, and digestive issues - all of which can develop into significant problems for owners, trainers, and veterinary practitioners.

ConfidenceEQ® is easy and quick to apply. There are no syringes, mixing food, pills or other uncomfortable application methods that can be difficult to administer or add stress to your horse. It takes effect in 30 minutes, lasts 2.5 hours, and can be reapplied as needed.

For more information contact: Email: sales@dugganvet.ie or uksales@dugganvet.com 

Freedom Health - Total Gut Health

Horses actively training and racing commonly struggle with digestive health, problems which manifest most obviously in gastric issues. Additionally, many racehorses experience concurrent hindgut problems less easily recognised. Not eating well, sudden changes in behaviour, resistant and mean attitudes, not fully using the body, and struggling to maintain weight and condition are a few of the problems that can be associated with hindgut health.

Freedom Health - Succeed

It’s important to actively manage the health of the horses’ entire digestive tract to stop the treat-and-repeat cycle and keep your horses in top condition. A healthy gut is a core requirement for a racehorse to perform to its full potential.

Unfortunately, training, travelling, racing, and breeding chronically stress the horse and especially the digestive tract. Management and feeding practices have changed beyond recognition over the last few decades. But the equine digestive tract remains the same, having been accustomed to a low-stress, nomadic lifestyle while consuming a high-fibre, trickle-fed diet. Modern husbandry practices and feeding grain-based feeds, further complicated by competition stresses, can be significant contributors to digestive issues. What, then, can you do for these horses?

Freedom Health - Total Gut Health

Support total digestive health by feeding SUCCEED® Digestive Conditioning Program™ once a day every day. SUCCEED maintains optimal digestive health in athletic horses naturally with science-based, human-food-grade quality, proven ingredients. It serves as an ongoing maintenance program for the health of the entire digestive tract.

Product trials available on a limited basis. Contact Sandra Hughes: shughes@freedomhealthllc.com.

SUCCEED® Digestive Conditioning Program™

The patented and proven SUCCEED formula delivers nutrients the body requires for GI anatomy and function. It provides a variety of benefits including:Oat Oil – specially extracted to preserve polar lipids which support nutrient absorption and bioavailability; Oat Flour – specially processed to preserve ß-glucan, a soluble fibre that provides support for a healthy immune system and a normal, healthy rate of feed transit through the GI tract; Yeast – a combination of a mannan oligosaccharide and a yeast ß-glucan help maintain a healthy, balanced hindgut and natural immunity; Amino Acids – provide fuel for muscles and support production of mucin, a necessary component of the mucus that lubricates and protects the gut lining.

“I have been using SUCCEED, and I couldn’t be happier with the results. You can visually see a big difference in the horses’ condition very quickly. I believe that it is really enabling their digestive systems.”

Richard Hughes, Horse Trainer

For more information visit: Succeed-equine.co.uk or @succeedequine

NAF - Immuforte

Keep the whole yard healthy, and ready to race, with NEW NAF Immuforte. 

The busy racing yard environment presents the perfect storm of challenges for your horses’ immune systems; and any trainer knows when immune challenge hits, training days, performance and results are lost. Keeping them healthy keeps your training regime on track, and ensures the season’s goals remain in sight for every horse on your yard. 

NAF - Immuforte

CREDITED TO JESS PHOTOGRAPHY

Regular travel, intense exercise and being stabled in close proximity, often with shared air space, means a daily assault on every racehorse’s natural defences. Add the challenge of frequent new arrivals, particularly young horses, with naïve immune systems, working closely together, and the risk is self-evident. 

Requested by trainers. Formulated by Equine Vets and Registered Nutritionists. Trialled by trainers, riders and professionals in elite equine sport. BETA NOPS accredited, and designed to meet the highest regulatory and quality standards for racing throughout Europe, and beyond. New NAF Immuforte builds on over 30 years of experience at NAF, in innovative evidence-led solutions, to provide targeted immune support for equine athletes. 

Containing a key natural extract proven to boost the equine immune system, Immuforte supports white blood cell numbers and activity, and targets the oxygen load capacity of red blood cells. Uniquely, Immuforte combines the recognised immune support of echinacea with natural antioxidants and adaptogenic botanical extracts, including, rosehip, turmeric, ginkgo and omicha, to regulate cellular responses, and further support the body’s own defence against unwanted attack. 

NAF Immuforte is available as a palatable liquid, in an easy to feed, auto-measured pump dispense liquid. The perfect solution to your yard’s natural defences.

For more information contact: Website: www.naf-equine.eu Telephone: 0800 373 106

Plusvital - Racing Syrup

The globalisation of racing has eroded the margins of success between trainers. High performance is no longer guaranteed based on pedigrees. A study carried out on winning margins in racing suggests that the overall percentage difference between first place and second place  is 0.32%, the difference between first and third was 0.75%. Never before has optimising recovery and nutrition been as important in gaining percentages of improvement which can be the difference between winning and not. 

Plusvital - Racing Syrup

Days post-race or fast work the body recovers and adapts allowing the horse to become more oxygen efficient and physically stronger. Muscle recovery requires specific vitamins, minerals and amino acids to give the horse the best possible opportunity to maximise its full potential. This vital edge is optimised by correct nutrition. Supporting race horses' mineral and vitamin levels is critical to racing success today. 

Used for 47 years by global racing elite Plusvital Racing Syrup is formulated to provide 30 essential vitamins and minerals exceeding NRC recommendations. Key ingredients facilitate strength and recovery.  

B vitamins are an essential group of vitamins for a horse to perform at its best. The harder they work the higher the requirement for vitamin B is. B vitamins play a vital role in forming red blood cells, responsible for carrying oxygen to muscles allowing the horse to continue galloping at high intensity whilst removing carbon dioxide. When muscle has a high level of carbon dioxide the horse becomes tired and cannot finish the race.

Additional key ingredients include Vitamin E which reduces oxidative stress. Selenium neutralise free radicals supporting the immune system. Branched chain Amino acids and Threonine supports muscle recovery essential for strengthening. Zinc and biotin support cellular repair and hoof growth. Available in 2L or 5L Plusvital racing syrup supports your horse in pursuit of their performance goals. 

For more information visit: www.plusvital.com

Why Choose Pro-Dosa in 2023?
As we all know, horsemen are responsible for the management of horses’ health, wellbeing, and fitness, to ensure they can perform to the best of their ability on the racetrack, but at the same time, a racing stable must be a profitable business and each horse must be economically viable for their owners.  As a result, in 2023, more than ever, horsemen must ensure they are getting the best possible value from the products they purchase.

Pro-Dosa

Quite logically, horses under the added stress of hard work, transport, racing, competition, or illness have increased nutrient requirements.  Unlike people though, who often turn to food when under stress (think chocolate or chardonnay), horses tend to go off feed and drink less than they normally would.  Horses that fail to eat or drink well when travelling and racing will recover more slowly and will often perform below their best.  That is why many stables consider traditional, veterinary-administered, injectable pre-race/pre-travel treatments to be essential. Corrine Hills says “I originally developed Pro-Dosa BOOST, for horses in my own racetrack veterinary practice, as a more economical, less invasive, oral alternative to those treatments.”

Pro-Dosa BOOST is a complete, balanced multi-nutrient paste that I formulated to fill the gap between good daily nutrition and the increased requirements horses have when they are under stress. Pro-Dosa BOOST provides a practical way to deliver essential nutrients to horses that may not be eating or drinking enough, at those times, to support normal metabolism, performance, recovery, and heath.  

It contains a comprehensive range of water-soluble vitamins, trace elements, electrolytes, and amino acids in doses that reflect requirements established in scientific literature.  I have included them in readily usable forms, in good balance with each other, and in balance with the cofactors required for their absorption and function.”

Pro-Dosa International Ltd is GMP registered, demonstrating quality, safety, and security of the product from raw materials through to finished product.  Each batch of Pro-Dosa BOOST undergoes laboratory testing including complete quantitative analysis, demonstrating that each portion contains precisely what is on the label; microbial cultures, to ensure it is safe to feed; and Naturally Occurring Prohibited Substance screening.  

For more information contact: Email: info@pro-dosa.com Telephone: +64 27 238-8482

SPILLERS™ - Perform & Restore Mash

Racehorses need optimum nutrition to help them fulfil their full potential which is why SPILLERS™ has launched their new SPILLERS Perform & Restore Mash. The mash soaks super-fast in under 2 minutes providing convenience especially when travelling and is designed to be fed daily to support optimum condition and recovery.  It’s been formulated to assist hydration and complement the replacement of electrolytes post exercise.  Re-hydrating quickly is important particularly for horses in high intensity exercise as they rely heavily on muscle glycogen (stored glucose) for energy metabolism and although it takes up to 72 hours for glycogen stores to be fully restored, replenishment will be slower in dehydrated horses. 

SPILLERS™ - Perform & Restore Mash

SPILLERS Perform & Restore Mash is a low starch, molasses free blend of highly digestible fibre and oil to support digestive health and includes probiotic live yeast alongside prebiotic MOS and FOS.  The mash offers a high level of the essential amino acid lysine to support muscle tone and topline and includes branch chain amino acids to support muscle synthesis post exercise. What’s more, it supplies powerful antioxidants including vitamin C to support respiratory health and natural, bioavailable vitamin E to support immunity, muscle health and an athletic performance. 

Finally, SPILLERS Perform & Restore Mash includes an appetising apple aroma which is released when soaking to encourage even the fussiest of fussy feeders. 

All SPILLERS feeds are BETA NOPS approved.

For more information contact:  Website: www.spillers-feeds.com Care-Line number: 01908 226626

Fairfax - Better condition – better performance

Resolve to make 2023 the year you take a closer look at the exercise tack your horses wear on a daily basis – and follow the science when it comes to making choices that will improve performance.

Switching saddles could significantly improve a horse’s back health and movement, as well as reducing time off and vet bills this year. In scientific trials commonly-used exercise saddles (1/2 tree, 3/4 tree, and full tree) all caused areas of potentially detrimental high pressure. The Fairfax Exercise Saddle relieves pressure at a crucial point on the back (T13) so in gallop the hindleg is brought forward more and the quarters come further under the horse. The proven result is increased stride length and therefore more power.

If a horse is girthy or aggressive when being tacked up, consider the girth it wears on a daily basis. When straight girths were tested at gallop on a treadmill, the pressure was so high that the pressure mat was unable to record it. To achieve a significantly freer gallop with increased hindlimb extension, make the switch for 2023 to the Fairfax Race Exercise Girth which is shaped to avoid a peak pressure zone behind the elbow. It may also be an effective part of a multi-disciplinary approach in supporting horses with ulcers.

You could reduce or eliminate sore or rubbed withers this year by using a medical-grade closed-cell foam pad with a shaped central webbing spine. The Fairfax Race Exercise Pad provided superior pressure reduction without slipping in a pilot study where foam, gel and polyfill pads were compared. Gel pads increased pressure at the front of the saddle and those without a central spine (such as polyfill pads) slipped down onto the back at speed. In addition, using multiple polyfill pads does not relieve pressure – it increases bulk and instability. 

Scientists have proven that changing to a bridle that reduces pressure at the TMJ has a significant positive effect on the horse’s power, straightness and efficiency of stride. This is because the TMJ area is massively influential when it comes to locomotion. The Fairfax Race Bridle relieves pressure at the TMJ and other areas on the face resulting in improved front and hindleg range of motion. In addition, the Mexican grackle helps keep the bit stable in the mouth reducing sores and hanging associated with bridle pressure.

For more information visit: Fairfaxracing.com

Baileys New Race-Pro Cubes for the “Challenging Temperament”

Baileys’ new Race-Pro Cubes are a reduced starch alternative to oat-based racing feeds, delivering a highly palatable combination of slow and fast release energy to fuel racehorses of all types, in training, racing and recovery, throughout their season.  Ideal for horses whose temperament can be challenging when fed high starch mixes, these high fibre cubes support sustained performance and stamina, while also fueling speed.  

Baileys New Race-Pro Cubes for the “Challenging Temperament”

They contain a blend of highly digestible super fibres and oil, for slow release calories, with micronised wheat for readily available energy, and boosted antioxidant levels support muscle function and recovery.  Digest Plus prebiotic and a live probiotic yeast are included for optimum gut health, while a reduced starch content encourages a healthy gastric environment.  To complete the package, Race-Pro Cubes contain a full performance range of vitamins and minerals, including B vitamins, for healthy hoof growth, bone and tissue integrity and general well-being.

Where a low starch, high energy feed is required, for those prone to gastric ulcers for example, Baileys’ renowned Ease & Excel blend and Ease & Excel Cubes are proven to deliver, with starch levels of just 8%, yet Digestible Energy (DE) contents of 13MJ/kg and 12MJ/kg respectively.  Race-Pro Cubes provide 12MJ/kg of DE with a 17% starch level, compared to Racehorse Cubes (starch 26%/DE 13.5MJ/kg) and Racehorse Mix (starch 32%/DE 14MJ/kg).

For more information contact Baileys UK Racing Specialist, Will Humphries, on 07731 997580 or will@baileyshorsefeeds.co.uk

Outside of the UK, contact Export Manager, Mark Buchan, on  + 44 (0)7711 701565 or mark@baileyshorsefeeds.co.uk  www.baileyshorsefeeds.co.uk/racing

Bloomfields - Professional Raceline

This is the ultimate horsebox for young or difficult horses, stallions, & bloodstock.

Designed and precision engineered in the UK specifically for the transport of Bloodstock, the unmistakable & seamless Bloomfields Professional Raceline oozes class & elegance as well as its evident suitability for the industries demands.

Bloomfields - Professional Raceline

A twist to our popular Professional model, which has been a market leading design used by amateurs and professionals throughout the world for over 15 years, we have designed with the involvement of industry experts to meet the needs of the end user, comfort and practicality for both the travelling staff and the horses.

The Professional Raceline is fitted with our one piece composite floor. Sliding partition, wall, door and roof padding is fitted as standard for superior comfort of the horse. Our woven, thermally bonded panels, doubled with our captive design are, in our opinion, the strongest on the market, but for extra peace of mind we also add an aluminium kick board throughout the horse area.

Bloomfields have designed and developed a slam locking system for the individual doors to each horse. Knowing that some travellers can be difficult, this gives super easy exit and entry to the grooms area without needing to bend down in front of the horses. Our Double catch slam locks make shutting the doors effortless and safe plus super easy access to each horse for easy preparation.

A very popular option for the Professional Raceline is the exquisite sliding partition. Absolutely indispensable for transporters and studs who carry mares and foals. Effortlessly glide the full height partition to the far wall with one hand and back to the centre point when required, meaning there is no need for more than one person to alter the stalls. Our 4 point locking system adds superior strength when in the central position.

The seamless under-sprung ramp gives a progressive lifting pivot meaning opening and closing the ramp is effortless. We never use gas rams, meaning the weight of the ramp will not change from the day of purchase.

What sets the Raceline apart from any other is the careful consideration into the practicality of the grooms area and how it can be a useful and resourceful place for storing everything from tack to veterinary medication and water barrels. Thorough research was undertaken to maximise the use of the space in the grooms area, with this in mind we have the option of a washable removable Hammock that is, as standard, mounted securely on the bulkhead. This allows travelling staff to relax without taking up essential weight or space.

One of the main factors considered when designing the Raceline was to put preventatives in place for cross contamination, particularly in the racing industry this is essential, So we have, as standard, supplied individual storage compartments for racing equipment & feed etc.

With safety in mind, believed to be the safest way to travel horses, The horses are separated by means of a full height, grilled partition, head divider, two full height grilled access doors, eliminating the need for a breast bar. The professional Raceline comes fully padded with an oversized rear door and dual reinforced glass fibre and Coat-X coated wheel arch covers. 

With an expansive list of optional extras to suit almost any requirement, including the 4.5t crewcab option in 2023, the Bloomfields Professional Raceline is the first and only form of 2 horse transportation you’ll need.

Our Professional Raceline is used throughout the world by professional transporters and riders, proving the strength and durability is second to none.

Contact us today to arrange a yard visit or for further details.

Telephone: 01558685117 / 07534849749 Email: BloomfieldsRaceline@Gmail.com Website: www.bloomfields.co/horsebox-models/raceline-professional

The Balancing Act

By Catherine Rudenko

The Balancing ActKey considerations when reviewing what you feed and if you should supplementWith so many feeds and supplements on the market, the feed room can soon take on the appearance of an alchemist’s cupboard. Feeding is of course an artform but one that should be based on sound science. In order to make an informed decision, there are some key questions to ask yourself and your supplier when choosing what ingredients will form your secret to success.Question #1: What is it?Get an overview of the products’ intended use and what category of horse they are most suited for. Not every horse in the yard will require supplementing. Whilst one could argue all horses would benefit from any supplement at some level, the real question is do they need it? Where there is a concern or clinical issue, a specific supplement is more likely warranted and is more likely to have an impact. A blanket approach for supplements is really only appropriate where the horses all have the same need (e.g., use of electrolytes).Question #2: Is it effective?There are many good reasons to use supplements with an ever-increasing body of research building as to how certain foods, plants or substances can influence both health and performance. Does the feed or supplement you are considering have any evidence in the form of scientific or clinical studies? Whilst the finished product may not—in a branded sense—be researched, the active components or ingredients should be. Ideally, we look for equine-specific research, but often other species are referenced, including humans; and this gives confidence that there is a sound line of thinking behind the use of such ingredients.Having established if there is evidence, the next important question is, does the feed or supplement deliver that ingredient at an effective level? For example, if research shows 10g of glucosamine to be effective in terms of absorption and reaching the joint, does your supplement or feed—when fed at the recommended rate—deliver that amount?There is of course the cocktail effect to consider, whereby mixing of multiple ingredients to target a problem can reduce the amount of each individual ingredient needed. This is where the product itself is ideally then tested to confirm that the cocktail is indeed effective.Question #3: How does it fit with my current feeding and supplement program?All too often a feed or supplement is considered in isolation which can lead to over-supplementing through duplication. Feeds and supplements can contain common materials, (i.e., on occasion there is no need to further supplement or that you can reduce the dose rate of a supplement).Before taking on any supplement, in addition to your current program, you first need to have a good understanding of what is currently being consumed on a per day basis. This is a different matter of comparing one feed tag or supplement pot to another one. Such ‘direct’ comparisons are rarely helpful as dose rates or feeding rates differ, and the manner in which units are expressed is often confusing. Percentages, grams, milligrams and micrograms are all common units of measure used on labelling. The unit chosen can make an inclusion sound significant when perhaps it is not. For example, 1g could be expressed as 1,000mg. Looking at the contribution, any feed or supplement made on an as-fed basis is the only way to know the true value for the horse.There are many categories of supplements in the market with the greatest cross-over existing around use of vitamins or minerals, which appear in both feeds and supplements. Occasionally feeds can also be a source of ingredients used in digestive health supplements or joint supplements. The contribution of your chosen feed(s) is the base from which you decide what, if any, of those matching nutrients or ingredients should be added to.Common areas for cross-over include vitamin E, selenium, B vitamins, iron, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, zinc and copper. Duplication may also occur around use of vitamin C (antioxidant), FOS (prebiotic), MOS (pathogen binder), yeast (prebiotic) and occasionally maerl (marine algal calcium source).Vitamins and MineralsAn often-seen addition to the feed program for thoroughbreds are bone supplements—providing relevant minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, zinc and copper. Whilst unquestionably important for sound skeletal development these nutrients are also present in feed, albeit at slightly varying levels by brand. Below is a typical profile of a bone supplement with the information as seen per kilogram on the feed label. Calcium and phosphorus are given as percentages on labels and require converting to grams when looking to calculate the amount of nutrients consumed. In this example, the calcium content is 20%, equivalent to 200g per kilogram.NutrientPer KilogramCalciumg200Phosphorusg70Zincmg7000Coppermg1500 The feeding rate is 100g per horse per day. The amount of each nutrient in each 100g dose equates to the amounts shown below. In isolation these numbers mean very little. Is 20g of additional calcium a lot in comparison to what is found within feed? Perhaps more importantly, how much calcium does a young horse in training need?NutrientPer 100gCalciumg20Phosphorusg7Zincmg700Coppermg150 The requirements of each mineral for a two-year-old in training are detailed in the pink column. These are the levels of each mineral necessary to meet the demands of training and development. When combining our supplement with 7kg (approx. 15 ½ lbs) of a standard racing feed, we are over-feeding each mineral significantly. The feed alone in this case is already exceeding requirements, giving plenty of safety against variation in forage contribution and appetite of the individual. Continually increasing the amount of the nutrient does mean an equally increasing benefit. Doubling an intake may well double your cost but will not necessarily double your results.    NutrientSupplement per 100gFeed per 7kgForage per 5kgIntake per dayRequirement 2yo in trainingCalciumg20771411141.7Phosphorusg74275620.4Zincmg700840901630430Coppermg15031520485107 Not all nutrients have a documented requirement. There may simply be no requirement;; however, that does mean supplementation is not beneficial. For example, vitamin C has no requirement as the horse can synthesise vitamin C from glucose and is therefore not in need of supplementation to remain healthy. Vitamin C is well documented for its antioxidant role and can be of use at times where immunity may be compromised, for example through stress or illness whereby the body’s own production of vitamin C may be impaired. Use of vitamin C and the dose rate chosen are therefore discretionary and without a fixed guideline on intake. If considering supplementing, the question is, what is the reason for it and is there evidence of results in horses in the same situation? For example, if your horse is suffering from recurrent airway obstruction, research has shown such horses to have low vitamin C levels, and an intake of 30mg/kg of body weight is advised to improve this. Digestive and Gastric SupplementsThe importance of digestive health, relating to the ability to effectively digest and process nutrients, is the basic aim of using supplements to support this process. In addition to this basic function is the area of research, looking at how the gut flora profile - the horse’s microbiome - can influence health and performance. Use of supplements and food stuffs to alter the microbiome and positively influence health status, growth rate, recovery and performance is an area of increasing interest and opportunity.Such supplements may include yeast, FOS (fructo-oligosaccharides), MOS (mannan-oligosaccharides) and ERME (enzyme rich malt extract). Of these inclusions, yeast is the most commonly found within feed although not all brands use yeast as a standard inclusion in racing diets. As with vitamin C, there is no set requirement for any of these supplements; however, there is evidence for each as to their effect on the digestive system. Joint SupplementsThe ingredients used within joint supplements are not commonly found within racing feeds but can be included and are present in some senior horse feeds. Where used, glucosamine and MSM are the most commonly included.MSM has multiple roles, including improving total antioxidant capacity, influencing recovery post exhaustive exercise and reducing pain and inflammation in joint disease. Multiple human and animal studies have proven MSM effective; the dose rate however has been widely varied, and equine research is limited. Typical intake for equines ranges from 5g-30g per day.Glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate (CS) are often found in combination and are supplemented with the intention of counteracting cartilage degradation and supporting synthesis of ECM (extracellular matrix), a key component of articular cartilage. There is no recommended intake for CS, however for glucosamine, the recommended dosage is 10g per day for an adult horse. This recommendation arises from an equine-specific study looking at oral bioavailability of glucosamine.Hyaluronic acid (HA) in an oral format for equines has no absorption data; however, studies on the effect in yearlings post OCD surgery were positive and significant when reviewing effusion scores in the supplemented group. Dose rate in this study was 100mg per day. In a separate study reviewing the level of PGE2, an inflammatory mediator, those supplemented had significantly lower PGE2 levels.There are several more choices of active ingredients when looking at joint supplements, including plant-based options. Regardless of the source, the question remains the same: how does it work and is it documented to be effective in equines or in any other species? Where such evidence does not exist, and this can often be the case, you are then reliant on the theory being sound. Ultimately the evidence becomes your own horses, how you feel they have responded and if a significant difference was noticed. Question #3: What is the cost of feeding per day?Having decided if the supplement fits your feeding program and is well evidenced, or at least has a sound theory to its claimed effect, the decision to use becomes a commercial one. With differing pack weights and dose rates, the cost of a supplement is not as easily compared as feeds, which can be looked at on a per ton basis and have the same intake rate.There is also the issue of relative cost if the feed is providing more than the basic profile and contains ingredients commonly used in supplements, then the cost per day of feeding will be higher than using a basic feed. However, if you intend to supplement the diet, all costs of feed (including looking at nutrient intake) plus supplementation need consideration as a whole.Example Diet7kg standard racehorse cubes, no yeast inclusion and no vitamin C25g vitamin C supplement10g yeast supplementFeed/SupplementCost/bag/unitWeightFeeding/Dose rateCost per horse /dayNutrient notesRacehorse Cubes£ 10.20 / E 11.4020kg7kg£ 3.57 / E 4.00Vitamin C£ 40.00 / E 45.001kg25g£ 1.00 / E 1.102,500mg vitamin CYeast£ 35.00 / E 40.002kg10g£ 0.18 / E 0.2010g yeast£ 4.75 / E 5.30 Example Diet7kg racehorse cubes with a yeast inclusion and 200mg of vitamin C per kilogram of feedFeed/SupplementCost/bag/unitWeightFeeding/Dose rateCost per horse /dayNutrient notesRacehorse Cubes£ 10.60 / E 11.8520kg7kg£ 3.71 / E 4.15Yeast included, vitamin C 1,400mg per dayVitamin C£ 40.00 / E 45.001kg11g£ 0.44 / E 0.49Yeast£ 35.00 / E 40.002kgN/A£ -£ 4.15 / E 4.64 Initially looking at cost of the main diet, racehorse cubes, the supplemented version is more expensive per bag and so more expensive to feed per horse per day. However, when considering the contribution of supplemented nutrients, the more expensive racehorse cubes actually reduce the cost of feeding each horse through removing the need to supplement yeast and reducing the amount of vitamin C needed.A cost savings of £0.60 per horse per day may sound insignificant but when considered over a season, the significance soon changes. For a yard of 70 horses, the difference equates to a little over £10,000 for the season.In ReviewSupplementation is a normal and largely beneficial aspect of any feeding program. With many ingredients having no recommended daily intake but having beneficial effects well worth considering, the most important thing to remember is to ask questions. Efficacy of the ingredients needs consideration and the potential benefit weighed up against the commercial implication. As nutrients and supplements frequently interact, working in synergy or building upon each other, the diet must always be considered as a whole.

Key considerations when reviewing what you feed and if you should supplement

With so many feeds and supplements on the market, the feed room can soon take on the appearance of an alchemist’s cupboard. Feeding is of course an artform but one that should be based on sound science. In order to make an informed decision, there are some key questions to ask yourself and your supplier when choosing what ingredients will form your secret to success. 

Question #1: What is it? 

Get an overview of the products’ intended use and what category of horse they are most suited for. Not every horse in the yard will require supplementing. Whilst one could argue all horses would benefit from any supplement at some level, the real question is do they need it? Where there is a concern or clinical issue, a specific supplement is more likely warranted and is more likely to have an impact. A blanket approach for supplements is really only appropriate where the horses all have the same need (e.g., use of electrolytes).  

Question #2: Is it effective? 

There are many good reasons to use supplements with an ever-increasing body of research building as to how certain foods, plants or substances can influence both health and performance. Does the feed or supplement you are considering have any evidence in the form of scientific or clinical studies? Whilst the finished product may not—in a branded sense—be researched, the active components or ingredients should be. Ideally, we look for equine-specific research, but often other species are referenced, including humans; and this gives confidence that there is a sound line of thinking behind the use of such ingredients. 

Having established if there is evidence, the next important question is, does the feed or supplement deliver that ingredient at an effective level? For example, if research shows 10g of glucosamine to be effective in terms of absorption and reaching the joint, does your supplement or feed—when fed at the recommended rate—deliver that amount? 

There is of course the cocktail effect to consider, whereby mixing of multiple ingredients to target a problem can reduce the amount of each individual ingredient needed. This is where the product itself is ideally then tested to confirm that the cocktail is indeed effective. 

Question #3: How does it fit with my current feeding and supplement program? 

All too often a feed or supplement is considered in isolation which can lead to over-supplementing through duplication. Feeds and supplements can contain common materials, (i.e., on occasion there is no need to further supplement or that you can reduce the dose rate of a supplement). 

Before taking on any supplement, in addition to your current program, you first need to have a good understanding of what is currently being consumed on a per day basis. …

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Feed Contaminants - how big a risk are they?

For all professionals associated with the training and competition of horses under the rules and regulations of racing the choice of which feed products to use has never been greater, and the range appears to grow on a daily basis. This is especially true of the plethora of dietary supplements (otherwise known officially as complementary feeds) available.

Dr Catherine Dunnett & Dr Mark Dunnett (European Trainer - issue 22 - Summer 2008)

 

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Oiling the Wheels - using oil as a supplement in the diet of racehorses

Historically, oil has not featured highly in the diets of horses in training, or indeed those of other horses. The natural oil content of pasture and other forages is quite low at between 2-3% on a dry matter basis, yet despite this, horses digest oil extremely well. Oil added to the racehorses’ diet is tolerated well, with no major palatability problems having been reported.

Dr Catherine Dunnett (European Trainer - issue 20 - Winter 2007)

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Nutritional ergogenic aids for horses

No doubt we are all aware of the plethora of dietary supplements that are now available and that are promoted as offering clear and profound benefits to our horses’ health, general well being and performance. In the latter category are the so-called ergogenic aids. So what are they, and do they work?

Dr Catherine Dunnett (European Trainer - issue 18 - Summer 2007)

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