Colic – effects of inflammation

By Dr. Zofia Lisowski

Overview of colic

Colic is a term used to describe the display of abdominal pain in a horse. It is the most common emergency in horses with four to ten out of every 100 horses likely to experience at least one episode of colic each year. It is also the single most common cause of equine mortality. In the U.S., one study showed that Thoroughbreds were more likely to develop colic1 than other breeds. It is of great welfare concern to horse owners, and with the estimated costs associated with colic in the U.S. exceeding $115 million per year2 and the average cost of a horse undergoing colic surgery requiring a resection being approximately $8,3703, it is also a significant economic issue for horse owners. 

Horses with abdominal pain show a wide range of clinical signs, ranging from flank watching and pawing the ground in mild cases, to rolling and being unable to remain standing for any significant period of time in more severe cases. There are numerous (over 50) specific causes of colic. In general, colic occurs as a result of disruption to the normal function of the gastrointestinal tract. This may be attributable to mechanical causes such as an obstruction (constipation), distension (excess gas) or a volvulus (twisted gut). It may also have a functional cause, whereby the intestine doesn’t work as normal in the absence of an associated mechanical problem; for example, equine grass sickness is associated with a functional derangement of intestinal motility due to loss of nerves within the intestine. 

Management of colic depends on the cause and can necessitate either a medical or surgical approach. Most horses with colic will either improve spontaneously or with simple medical treatment alone; however, a significant proportion may need more intensive medical treatment or surgery. Fortunately, due to improvements in surgical techniques and post-operative management, outcomes of colic surgery have improved over the past few decades with up to 85% of horses surviving to discharge. Crucially for the equine Thoroughbred racehorse population, several studies focused on racehorses that had undergone colic surgery and survived to discharge, reporting that 63-73% returned to racing. Furthermore, surgical treatment did not appear to negatively impact athletic performance. A similar finding was also seen in the general sport horse population.

Despite significant advancement in colic surgery per se, complications following surgery can have a significant impact on post-operative survival and return to athletic function. Common post-operative complications include:

1. Complications at the site of the incision (surgical wound)

Infection: Infections at the surgical incision site are relatively common. Antibiotics are usually administered before surgery and after surgery. Infections are not normally severe but can increase treatment costs. Horses that develop infections are at greater risk of developing an incisional hernia.  

Hernia: Incisional hernias occur when the abdominal wall muscles fail to heal, leaving a “gap.” Hernia size can vary from just a few centimeters, up to the full length of the incision. Most hernias will not require further treatment; but in more severe cases, further surgery may be required to repair the hernia.

1. Complications within the abdomen

Hemoperitoneum: A rare complication where there is blood within the abdomen from bleeding at the surgical site.

Anastomosis complications: The anastomosis site is where two opposing ends of intestine that have been opened are sutured back together again. It is important that at this site no leakage of intestinal contents occurs. Leakage or breakdown at this site can lead to peritonitis, which is inflammation or infection within the abdominal cavity and is a potentially life-threatening complication. 

Adhesions: Scar tissue can form within the abdomen following abdominal surgery. Occasionally this may cause further colic episodes.

Further colic episodes

Further colic episodes can occur following surgery. These can occur days to months following discharge.

Endotoxemia

In some rare cases, horses may develop sepsis in response to toxins released by damaged intestines.

Diarrhea 

This is a rare complication. It can develop as a result of infections with C. difficile or Salmonella. As a consequence, some horses may need to be treated in isolation to ensure infection doesn’t spread to other horses or humans.

Post-operative ileus 

Post-operative ileus is one of the potential post-operative complications that can lead to a significant increase in hospital stay duration, increased treatment costs and is also associated with reduced survival rates. Post-operative ileus is a condition that affects the muscle function in the intestinal wall. The intestine is a long tube-like structure that has a muscular wall throughout its entire length from the esophagus to the anus. The function of this muscle is to contract in waves to mix and move food along the length of the intestinal tract, within which digestion occurs and nutrients are absorbed, terminating in the excretion of waste material as feces. In post-operative ileus these contractions stop and thus intestinal contents are not moved throughout the intestinal tract. In most cases, it is transient and lasts for up to 48 hours following surgery; however, in some cases it can last longer. A build-up of fluid develops within the intestine as a result of the lack of propulsion. This stretches the intestines and stomach, resulting in pain and the horse’s inability to eat. Unlike humans, the horse is unable to vomit; consequently, this excess fluid must be removed from the stomach by other means, otherwise there is a risk of the stomach rupturing with fatal consequences. Post-operative ileus may occur in up to 60% of horses undergoing abdominal surgery and mortality rates as high as 86% have been reported. Horses in which the small intestine manipulated is extensively manipulated during surgery and those that require removal of segments of intestine are at higher risk. Despite the significant risk of post-operative ileus following colic surgery in horses, there is a lack of studies investigating the mechanisms underpinning this condition in horses; consequently, the precise cause of this condition in horses is not fully known. 

What causes the intestine to stop functioning? …

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Taylor Cambra - Tall in the Saddle

By Annie Lambert

Exercise rider Taylor Cambra has set his sights on training horses; natural talent, professionalism and a quirky personality will likely help him attain that goal.

When he was very young, exercise rider Taylor Cambra wanted to be a jockey. Growing up around the racing industry and riding horses, Cambra soon changed his career goal to training racehorses. That was due, in part, because he just kept growing and growing. The well-spoken, 22-year-old now towers at 6’2” and realized early on that a training career better suited his physique. 

Cambra has galloped horses since he was a teenager and hopes to keep his weight down a bit longer. Along the way, he aspires to get more experience as an assistant trainer before establishing his own training business. He has worked for Hall of Fame trainer Richard Mandella since the fall of 2018 and has the honor of galloping Omaha Beach (War Front x Charming by Seeking The Gold, LTE $1,651,800), winner of the Rebel Stakes (G2), Arkansas Derby (G1), Santa Anita Sprint Championship (G1) and Malibu Stakes (G1).

 “I’m very happy to gallop horses right now,” Cambra said. “I know it won’t last too much longer, with me filling out and stuff, but I’m enjoying it while I can.”

Breezing Track Ponies

Cambra’s father, Billy Cambra, was an outrider in Northern California for 35 years. Being a rambunctious kid, with a lot of nervous energy in school, made it hard for Taylor to sit still in class. Billy’s solution was to take him to the track before school and let him ride off his excess spunk.

“When Taylor was about seven years old he was riding all my outriding horses,” Billy recalled. “One day he asked to ride ‘Snoozer’ in the Pavilion. About 45 minutes later the track man called me and said Taylor was breezing that pony.”

“He was breezing him, getting down low, switching sticks and everything,” he added with a laugh. “He was still young and small and always could ride a horse. He had real good balance and everything.”

Taylor started riding the ponies of Billy’s good friend, trainer Michael Larson, when he was just three. It was also Larson that gave him his first job, where he worked until he was about 17 and began to participate in high school rodeo events. 

“[Larson] was the guy who taught me a lot of patience, taught me to give and take,” Cambra noted. “You can’t learn everything overnight, and you can’t teach everything overnight. Mike was a big influence on me, not only with the horses, but in life too. He and my dad together made a huge impact on my life. I’m very grateful for both of them.”

The Rodeo Life

Diana Cambra, Taylor’s mother, was never thrilled with his rodeo aspirations, but like her husband, was ever supporting. Her son was a good enough cowboy to be offered a rodeo scholarship to Colorado State University. Taylor chose to turn it down as he wasn’t sure about which major to pursue and knew deep down a racetrack career was his ultimate destination.

“When I turned 18 I went ahead and got my [Professional Rodeo Cowboy Association] card, which was pretty neat,” explained Cambra. “I rode saddle broncs and got to go and travel with some of those big guys. I mostly rode on the West Coast—all over in California, Arizona and Utah.”

The rodeo road was not pain free for Cambra, but his wrecks could have been worse. Diana recalled his first injury and one of the worst at the Clovis Rodeo in California.

“He had his head cracked open,” Diana said with a grimace. “The ambulance offered to take him to the hospital, and he didn’t want to pay a lot of money. I told him he had insurance and to go to the hospital. I still worry when he does [rodeo]; it is just so hard for me to watch.”

Cambra remembers that bronc ride well.

“I got bucked off over the front of the horse, landed on my hands and knees, then the horse jumped over in front of me,” he said. “When he double barrel kicked, he got a hold of me pretty good. I think I got 13 staples in the top of my head.”

Back on Track

As much as he loves the rodeo world, Cambra was drawn back to where his future career loomed. He had been working for trainer Ari Herbertson at Golden Gate Fields on and off. After he was injured he began working for him as a full-time assistant and exercise rider. It was the first time Cambra was more than just an employee; Herbertson gave the then 19-year-old more responsibilities and the ability to make decisions on his own.

“One of the biggest things I took away from working from Ari was his giving me the opportunity to kind of help run the barn and run my own organization,” Cambra noted. “That helped me realize where I needed to get stronger and make improvements.

“You can watch it every day, but when the reins are actually handed over to you it is kind of different. You have more responsibilities, not just the work you’re assigned to, but making sure all the employees are good, making sure all the horses are getting the right medication and making sure that everything goes smoothly every day.”

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Ryan Exline and Justin Border AND Robert Donaldson

By Bill Heller

Ryan Exline and Justin Border (Storm the Court)

Ryan Exline will never forget the feeling after he bought his first horse at the 2013 Ocala March Two-Year-Olds in Training Sale for himself, his dad and three friends who had decided to take a shot and buy their first Thoroughbred. “I remember sweating profusely in an Uber heading to the airport,” he said. There was a good reason. The group had agreed to budget $50,000. On the advice of bloodstock agent Marette Farrell, Exline spent $100,000 to purchase Sheza Smoke Show, who had worked a furlong in :10 flat.

“I called the others and said, `Congratulations, we bought a horse. We spent a little more than we wanted,’” Exline said. “We gave them the option of going in or not. Every single person went in.” 

Justin Border was one of the friends he called. “I’m following along the sales online. Obviously, it was a shock. I was fine, once I got up from falling down on the floor,” he laughed. “We were just two guys getting into this crazy game.” 

Ryan Exline and Justin Border

They’re two guys who are 50-50 partners in Exline Border Racing, which did just fine with Sheza Smoke Show. “Thankfully, she went on to win a Gr1 at Santa Anita,” Exline said. “She earned $150,000 racing. And we sold her for over $200,000 at a broodmare sale. We had to retire her a little early because of injuries.”

Exline, 38, is a senior living management administrator who was born in Oklahoma, moved to Indianapolis with his family when he was three, and ultimately moved to San Diego in 2006. He’d watched the Kentucky Derby on TV but never attended a racetrack.

That changed when some high school friends who had moved from Indiana to San Diego decided to go to the track—Del Mar—near Exline’s condo. “I’d never been before,” he said. “We all went. It seemed like we couldn’t lose a race. I said, `Wow, it’s an easy way to make money.’”

He quickly learned that bettors can lose too, but his fascination with the sport had taken root. “I started researching it and studying it,” he said. “One day, I decided I wanted to own a horse. How do you do that? I needed to surround myself with people who are smarter than me. I got referred by a friend to Marette.”

Border, a 45-year-old occupational therapist from Northern California, had been raised around horses in Brentwood, a small town near San Francisco. He learned to ride at the age of five on a Quarter Horse named Red Bert Bailey. Unfortunately, the horse died when Border was seven. “It was a life lesson for a little kid, but it certainly didn’t put me off loving horses and wanting to take care of them,” he said.

He met Exline through work at a senior rehab facility in San Diego. “Immediately, I saw he had a lot of Indianapolis Colts paraphernalia, so I knew he was into sports,” Border said. “A big Colts fan, he had gone to the Super Bowl. We got talking about sports then about work. We became fast friends from there.”

Now they’re partners. And, after purchasing their first Thoroughbred, they needed a trainer. “We knew we needed a trainer who would have patience with us,” Border said. “Peter Eurton was highly recommended by another trainer. I said, `I think we have our guy.’ Ryan took the lead on reaching out to Peter. He called him and said, `Peter you don’t know us, but we have a horse, and we want to go into your barn.’ He saw the video from the sale, looked up the page in the catalog and said, `That’s a pretty nice filly.’”

Since then, Exline Border Racing has mostly hit home runs. After spending $100,000 to buy Bayonet—a Colonel John filly who didn’t make money on the track and became a broodmare—they campaigned the hard-hitter Giant Expectations, a winner of four of 23 starts including a pair of Gr2 stakes. He will race as a seven-year-old this year. “He’s been a special horse for us,” Exline said.

So was their brilliant 2016 Two-Year-Old Filly Champion Filly Champagne Room, who won the 2016 Breeders’ Cup Juvenile Filly at 33-1; and Storm the Court, a two-year-old they purchased at Ocala in April 2019, for $60,000 who gave them their second Breeders’ Cup victory in the 2019 Juvenile.

“It’s been the stuff of dreams,” Border said. “Then again, it’s the result of a lot of hard work and a lot of great people helping us—a trainer like Peter and an agent like Marette. It’s a reflection of their talent and their expertise, and that the horse always comes first. We’re very humbled by the success we’ve had in such a short time.”

Before Storm the Court became “the stuff of dreams,” Exline, Border and their other partners on the horse, Dan Hudock, Susie Wilson and David Bernsen, had to survive a frightful moment in the Gr1 Del Mar Futurity on Sept. 2. Just a few steps out of the gate, Storm the Court was knocked sideways by Eight Rings when he ducked inside. Both horses lost their jockey, Flavien Prat and Drayden Van Dyke.

“We had the rail,” Border said. “We were happy with the break. We felt fine. Then all of a sudden, here comes Eight Rings looking like he was turning to go into the infield. We see our jockey went down. Storm was running loose on the track. With a two-year-old, that’s just a nightmare. We were looking back to see if the jockey was okay. We were looking at our horse. An outrider finally caught him on the turn. We walked on the track—a really upsetting moment at least. Flavien got up. The horse came off the track okay, not hurt, not lame.”

In his first race back, Storm the Court finished third by 8 ¼ lengths to Eight Rings in the Gr1 American Pharoah Stakes Sept. 27. Then Storm the Court won the Breeders’ Cup Juvenile wire-to-wire by a neck at odds of 45-1. “Maybe two steps before they hit the finish line, all the blood left my body,” Border said. “There was this rush, knowing he had done it. Everybody exploded. Couldn’t find enough people to hug.”

He knows which horse to hug. “We love our boy,” he said.

Asked how he can possibly not dream about the 2020 Kentucky Derby, Border said, “It’s impossible.”

***************************************

Robert Donaldson (Spun to Run)

From left to right: Spun to Run trainer Carlos Guerrero, jockey Irad Ortiz Jr. and owner Robert Donaldson.

Nearly 50 years after they jump-started their continuing love affair and marriage by jumping the fence at Garden State Park to watch the last race at the age of 14, Robert Donaldson and his wife, Sue, had an interesting afternoon on May 18, 2018. Previously, with the approval of Sue (a teacher), Donaldson (a 62-year-old retired pharmaceutical executive) had been racing claimers. 

That changed that afternoon when Donaldson called his former trainer, Carlos Guerrero, to inquire about a possible claim. Guerrero happened to be at the Timonium Two-Year-Olds in Training Sale in May. “I had spent time with that catalog,” Donaldson said. “I grabbed a sales book. I told him, ‘I want you to possibly buy a horse.’ I called to get a credit line for $100,000. They were on No. 43. I told him, `No. 50 is a Hard Spun.’ I said, `Carlos, have you seen him?’ He said, `He’s a good-looking colt. He texted me, `How much do you want to spend?’ I said, `$70,000.’ They were at $60,000, once, twice, three times; and Carlos bid $64,000.”…

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The importance of stable ventilation

By Alan Creighton

First published in European Trainer this article examines how stable ventilation can affect a horse’s performance.

Over the past 20 years the Irish Equine Centre has become a world leader in the design and control of the racehorse stable environment. At present we monitor the stable environment of approximately 180 racing yards across Europe.

The basis of our work is to improve biosecurity and the general environment in relation to stable and exercise areas within racing establishments. This is achieved by improving ventilation, yard layout, exercise areas and disinfection routines, in addition to testing of feed, fodder and bedding for quality and reviewing how and where they are stored.

Racehorses can spend up to 23 hours per day standing in their stable. The equine respiratory system is built for transferring large volumes of air in and out of the lungs during exercise. Racehorses are elite athletes, and best performance can only be achieved with optimal health. Given the demanding life of the equine athlete, a high number of racehorses are at risk of several different respiratory concerns. The importance of respiratory health greatly increases in line with the racehorse’s stamina. Therefore, as the distance a racehorse is asked to race increases, so does the importance of ventilation and fresh clean air.

Pathogenic fungi and bacteria, when present in large numbers, can greatly affect the respiratory system of a horse and therefore performance. Airborne dust and pathogens, which can be present in any harvested food, bedding, damp storage areas and stables, are two of the main causes of RAO (Recurrent Airway Obstruction), EIPH (Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage, also known as bleeding), IAD (irritable airway disease) and immune suppression—all of which can greatly affect the performance of the racehorse. Yards, which are contaminated with a pathogen of this kind, will suffer from the direct respiratory effect but will also suffer from recurring bouts of secondary bacterial and viral infections due to the immune suppression. Until the pathogen is found and removed, achieving consistency of performance is very difficult. Stable ventilation plays a huge part in the removal of these airborne pathogens.

What is ventilation?

The objective of ventilation is to provide a constant supply of fresh air to the horse. Ventilation is achieved by simply providing sufficient openings in the stable/building so that fresh air can enter and stale air will exit.

Ventilation involves two simple processes:

1. Air exchange where stale air is replaced with fresh air.

2. Air distribution where fresh air is available throughout the stable.

Good stable ventilation provides both of these processes. One without the other does not provide adequate ventilation. For example, it is not good enough to let fresh air into the stable through an open door at one end of the building if that fresh air is not distributed throughout the stable and not allowed to exit again. With stable ventilation, we want cold air to enter the stable, be tempered by the hot air present, and then replace that hot air by thermal buoyancy. As the hot air leaves the stable, we want it to take moisture, dust, heat, pathogens and ammonia out as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

It is important not to confuse ventilation with draft. We do not want cold air blowing directly at the horse who now has nowhere to shelter. Proper ventilation is a combination of permanent and controllable ventilation. Permanent ventilation apart from the stable door should always be above the horse’s head. It is really important to have a ridge vent or cowl vent at the very highest point of the roof. Permanent ventilation should be a combination of air inlets above the horse’s head, which allows for intake of air no matter which direction the wind is coming from, coupled with an outlet in the highest point of the roof (shown in Figure 2). The ridge vent or cowl vent is an opening that allows warm and moist air, which accumulates near the roof peak to escape. The ridge opening is also a very effective mechanism for wind-driven air exchange since wind moves faster higher off the ground. The controllable ventilation such as the door, windows and louvers are at the horse height. With controllable ventilation, you can open it up during hot spells or close it down during cold weather. The controllable ventilation should be practical and easy to operate as racing yards are very busy places with limited time. 

Where did the design go wrong?

Figure 2

The yards we work in are a mixture of historic older yards, yards built in the mid to late 20th century and yards built in the early 21st century. The level of ventilation present was extremely varied in a lot of these yards prior to working with the Irish Equine Centre. Interestingly the majority of the yards built before World War I displayed extremely efficient ventilation systems. Some of the oldest yards in the Curragh and Newmarket are still, to this day, considered well ventilated. 

In parts of mainland Europe, including France, the picture is very different. In general, the older yards in France are very poorly ventilated. The emphasis in the design of yards in parts of France appears to be more focused on keeping animals warm in the winter and cool during the summer. This is understandable as they do get colder winters and warmer summers in the Paris area, for example, when compared to the more temperate climate in Ireland and the UK. When these yards were built, they didn’t have the quality of rugs available that we do now. Most of the yards in France are built in courtyard style with lofts above for storage and accommodation. When courtyard stables are poorly ventilated with no back or sidewall air vents, you will always have the situation that the only boxes that get air exchange are the ones facing into the prevailing wind at that time. In this scenario, up to 60% of the yard may have no air exchange at all.

In the mid to late 20th century efficient ventilation design appears to have been overlooked completely. There appears to be no definitive reason for this phenomenon with planning restrictions, site restrictions in towns like Newmarket and Chantilly, cheaper builds, or builders building to residential specifications all contributing to inadequate ventilation.

Barn and stable designers did not—and in a lot of cases still don’t—realize how much air exchange is needed for racehorses. Many horse owners and architects of barns tend to follow residential housing patterns, placing more importance on aesthetics instead of what’s practical and healthy for the horse.

Many horses are being kept in suburban settings because their owners are unfamiliar with the benefits of ventilation on performance. Many of these horses spend long periods of time in their stalls, rather than in an open fresh-air environment that is conducive to maximum horse health. We measure stable ventilation in air changes per hour (ACH). This is calculated using the following simple equation:

Air changes per hour AC/H

N = 60 Q

         Vol

N = ACH (Air change/hour)

Where: Q = Velocity flow rate (wind x opening areas in cfm)

Vol = Length x Width x Average roof height

Figure 3

Minimum air change per hour in a well-ventilated box is 6AC/H. We often measure the ACH in poorly ventilated stables and barns with results as low as 1AC/H; an example of such a stable environment is shown in Figure 3. When this measurement is as low as 1AC/H, we know that the ventilation is not adequate. There will be dust and grime buildup, in addition to moisture buildup resulting in increased growth of mold and bacteria; and there will also be ammonia buildup. The horse, who can be stabled for up to 23 hours of the day, now has no choice but to breathe in poor quality air. Some horses such as sprinters may tolerate this, but in general it will lead to multiple respiratory issues.

Simply put, the objective in any well-designed barn and stable is to get fresh air to the horse and eliminate stale air before it accumulates. Good ventilation is, ideally, designed into the original barn plans or stable and takes advantage of natural wind, air currents and thermal buoyancy. Often, people experiment with mechanical ventilation using fans instead of using good ventilation design, which takes advantage of free wind ventilation…

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Odds Makers - Odds require an even hand

By Ed Golden

“Experience is simply the name we give to our mistakes.”—Oscar Wilde.

When it comes to making morning line odds for a racing program, experience assuredly is beneficial, but with the main being a singularly subjective endeavor, it is rarely fully achieved.

The morning line has been described as “probable odds on each horse in a race, as determined by a mathematical formula used by the track handicapper who tries to gauge both the ability of the horse and the likely final odds as determined by the bettors.”

It is a system in which bettors do not compete against the track or a casino but among each other. It is known as pari-mutuel, a form of wagering originated in 1865 by Frenchman Pierre Oiler where all money bet is divided up among those who have winning tickets after taxes, takeout and other deductions are made.

(Oiler called his system “parier mutual” meaning “mutual stake” or “betting among ourselves.” As this betting method was adopted in England, it became known as “Paris mutuals,” and soon after “pari-mutuels).”

The “deductions,” better known as the “take” or “takeout,” is a commission deducted from mutuel pools, which are shared by the track, horsemen (in the form of purses) and local and state governing bodies in the form of tax.

The takeout generally falls between 22 and 26 percent, and each of the final odds posted on the tote board or television monitors upon completion of a race represents a mathematically established percentage of the total mutuel pool formulated by the bettors. Rounded off, it can range from 81 percent (1-5 odds) to 3 percent (30-1).

In other words, the morning line is not merely rendered randomly. For example, even money comprises 50 percent of the mutuel pool: 8-5 odds (38 percent); 9-2 odds (18 percent), 15-1 odds (6 percent) and so on.

In a hypothetical six-horse field, the odds could be 6-5 (45 percent), 5-2 (28 percent), 7-2 (22 percent), 8-1 (11 percent), 10-1 (9 percent) and 12-1 (7 percent) for a total of 122 percent—100 percent of the money wagered by bettors, plus 22 percent takeout. Prior to and upon completion of each race, the total percentage, based on the individual odds of each horse when added up, should fall between 122 and 126.

No one strives harder for accuracy in making morning line odds than Jon White. Fastidious, meticulous, conscientious, punctilious—pick any adjective—they apply to the Spokane, Wa. native whose 46-year racing career includes being one of the youngest stewards in history at age 24 when serving in that capacity for the Washington Horse Racing Commission at Yakima Meadows in 1979.

 He has been morning line maker at several tracks, and since 2009 at Santa Anita, where he has made the morning line odds for the Breeders’ Cup the last six times the championship event has been run there.

 “I had the correct favorite in 70 percent of the 2019 Breeders' Cup races at Santa Anita,” White proudly points out, adding, “I also was pleased at how my morning line odds compared to the winner's final odds in all 14 of the Breeders' Cup races (noted below).”

 ML     Final  Winner (Race)

Jon White

  4-1     9-2    Vino Rosso (Classic)

  9-5     1-1    Bricks and Mortar (Turf)

  6-1     8-1    Blue Prize (Distaff)

  7-2     7-2    Uni (Mile)

  9-5     9-5    Mitole (Sprint)

  8-1   13-1    Iridessa (Filly & Mare Turf)

  6-1     9-1    Spun to Run (Dirt Mile)

12-1   14-1    Belvoir Bay (Turf Sprint)

  2-1     3-2    Covfefe (Filly & Mare Sprint)

20-1   45-1    Storm the Court (Juvenile)

12-1   13-1    Sharing (Juvenile Fillies Turf)

  7-2     5-2    British Idiom (Juvenile Fillies)

  5-1     5-1    Structor (Juvenile Turf)

  3-1     3-2    Four Wheel Drive (Juvenile Turf Sprint).

White continued: “In making the morning line, I am trying to predict what the betting public is going to do, not how I think the betting should be. 

“Back in the 1970s, the line was submitted early in the morning on race day. Hence its name, but nowadays the morning line has evolved into an advance line in that it’s submitted two or more days before race day.

“In the 70s, I almost always would have a race add up to anywhere from 123 percent to 125 percent. Currently, the morning line has to be submitted well in advance of race day in order to appear in the Daily Racing Form, so now I generally go with 127 or 128 percent, mainly because so many things can change prior to race day, such as late scratches, weather conditions, etc.

“The morning lines I made for the 2019 Breeders’ Cup were issued on Monday, well in advance of the races that would be run the following Friday and Saturday. Not only that, but for the first time in the many years I’ve been making morning lines, I had to submit my odds for all the Breeders’ Cup races BEFORE the draw for post positions.

“If I learn from the racing office or a reliable source that a horse almost certainly is going to be scratched on race day, I will treat that horse the same as an also-eligible. An also-eligible’s odds are not included in the race’s total when adding up the percentages.

“And if I know that ‘Horse A’ is almost certain to be scratched on race day, I do not include that horse when adding up the percentages in a race, which means I can have a race sometimes go very high, like 145 or thereabouts. But when Horse A ultimately is scratched on race day, the race then adds up to a normal 127 or 128.

“I handle probable race-day scratches that way when making the morning line because I think it’s in the public’s best interest. Whether I’m making a morning line or working in TV or as a steward, I do whatever I can to help the public. And if I know it’s a virtual certainty that Horse A is going to be scratched, it is better for those wagering to have more realistic odds submitted for the morning line even if the percentages add up something like 145.”

Suffice it to say, White eats, sleeps and breathes horse racing. He takes little or nothing for granted when producing the morning line, which these days is always subject to censure, as the world is rife with invidious social media junkies who bask in their own opinions.

“Making a morning line—especially a good one—is a real challenge,” White said. “I put a lot of hard work into every single horse in every single race on every single card, generally four to six hours including prep work, which includes going through the past performances with a fine-tooth comb . . . That’s why it does hurt when there is criticism. However, the reality is criticism does come with the territory. It’s sort of like being a referee or an umpire. It sure is easy for someone to knock a morning line when they haven’t even taken the time to add up the percentages in a race.

“The bottom line is it’s much easier for a person to criticize a morning line than to put their neck on the chopping block and actually have to do it.

Russell Hudak

“But it’s gratifying whenever I’ve made the right favorite, and the final odds end up being in the same ballpark as the morning-line odds. But even after a race has turned out okay from a morning line perspective, I am always—and I mean always—holding my breath in terms of the next race hoping that it will turn out well.”

Like White, Russell Hudak is a paragon of his pastime although perhaps somewhat less obtrusive in his philosophy.

 “The primary purpose behind the morning line is pointing out the direction wagering will take, providing bettors with an indication of which horses will be most heavily backed and which figure to be longer prices,” notes Hudak, the morning line maker and timer at Del Mar and the Thoroughbred morning line maker and timer at Los Alamitos Race Course.

Hudak, 67, was born in Jersey City, N.J., raised on the Jersey shore, and in 1985 became the morning line maker (and later head clocker) at Hollywood Park, which closed in December 2013.

He was introduced to racing while attending Rutgers University earning a BA in sociology and labor studies. “I attended the races at Monmouth Park with my dad on a break and took an immediate interest in the tote board activity,” Hudak said…

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Alan Balch - Trainers’ rights?

By Alan F. Balch

Justice—and injustice—are as old as humanity. Our contemporary ideas and standards of fairness trace all the way back to the very beginnings of recorded history, whether in Egypt, Greece or Rome.

“Lady Justice” appears at courthouses and law schools almost everywhere, although few of us take the time to see what she symbolizes. The scales of justice connote impartiality, the weighing and balancing of the sides to any issue. The sword, usually unsheathed, commands respect, and means there’s no justice without enforcement of a decision. A double-edged blade protects the innocent as well. The blindfold—a relatively contemporary addition—stands for objectivity and is a barrier to connections, politics, fame or wealth influencing an outcome.

The evolution and role of justice in racing are more ambiguous. Even though King Henry VIII (or possibly Lord George Bentinck) famously declared that “all men are equal on the turf, and under it,” such an opinion has rarely if ever applied to the discipline or behavior within our sport’s community. It’s probable, in fact, that the description of the lowly being “called on the carpet” originated in racing:  when the grand poohbahs or stewards of the Jockey Club in England confronted an offender to the regular order of behavior who deserved a scolding. Or worse.    

In my own time, dating back only 50 years, I’m ashamed to say we in track management used to laugh that the Constitution of the United States applied everywhere except within a race track enclosure. For better or worse (and in the earliest years of modern racing during the Great Depression, it may well have been for the better), to speak of “rights” for anyone other than the track ownership and stewards was anathema. But in those early days, as the only organized sport or activity with state-sanctioned and legal betting on the outcomes, amidst a sea of economic deprivation, hardship and blossoming organized crime, preserving racing’s integrity seemed to demand draconian rule.   

In California, one steward was appointed by management—one by the State of California—and those two selected a third. Needless to say, the track had the upper hand in all decisions and discipline. It was the mid-1970s before things started to change, gradually at first. Still, when the major tracks had multiple applications from horsemen for every available stall, and many major owners still had private trainers, we weren’t living in a “civil rights” paradise for anyone—whether customers, horsemen, or backstretch denizens.

By its nature, with enormous sums of money involved, in betting, purses, real property and bloodstock values—not to mention public economic impacts and multipliers far beyond any individual track or farm—racing required (and still requires) meticulous statutory and regulatory oversight. The law is there, and the rules are there to protect and enhance the public interest, including the economy. In California, that means the Horse Racing Board (CHRB) is empowered to supervise all of it. Politics may enter, of course, because the governor appoints its commissioners. But until the 1970s, CHRB had only three members . . . increasing politicization came during years of expansion and labor strife as it grew from the original three to five to the current seven appointees.

Nowadays, trainers everywhere, not just in California, are justifiably concerned with methods of rule enforcement and their legal protections (or lack thereof) as they prepare and race horses under greater public scrutiny than ever before. Are they entitled to meaningful fair procedures when their conduct is questioned or criticized, not just in the rule enforcement process, but generally? Can they be protected from scapegoating in a sport that is fundamentally reliant on risk, and inherently hazardous, involving precious animals?

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#Soundbites - Is turf racing safer for horses than dirt?

By Bill Heller

With ongoing concerns about equine welfare and speculation in the industry about reintroducing synthetic tracks to replace dirt tracks, we asked trainers, “Is turf racing safer for horses than dirt?”

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Christophe Clement

I don’t like the question. You can compete on a safe turf course or an unsafe turf, a safe dirt or an unsafe dirt. I don’t think one surface is safer than the other. With synthetics, they shouldn’t have dirt or synthetic tracks; they should have dirt and synthetic. And turf, too. Why not have all three?

*****************************************

Peter Miller

Peter Miller - Yes. Synthetic and turf are safer; they mimic each other. Both are safer than dirt racing. Statistically, it’s safer. I would imagine the reason is that they stay on top of it, instead of going four to six inches into it. There is less pressure on the joints. And there’s more bounce to it, like running on grass instead of sand. It’s more forgiving.

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John Servis

Statistically yes, but there are a lot more dirt races. I don’t necessarily think turf is safer.

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Brian Lynch

Brian Lynch - I would say for sure. It might be a lot more forgiving. You see a lot of eight and nine-year-olds running on turf and you don’t see that on dirt—those long-tenured horses running in big races. I’ve had a lot of luck keeping grass horses around longer and keeping them going. I’ve had a lot of experience on the poly, but what keeps horses around for a long time, I’d say, is turf.

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Joe Sharp

I think absolutely that turf racing is safer than dirt. It’s more consistent. Statistically, the numbers show they are much safer, and to me, personally, I think turf is much safer.

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Peter Eurton

That’s a hard question to answer. To be honest, I really don’t know. I haven’t had too many bad accidents on turf or dirt, knock on wood. I’ve had more on dirt obviously because I race more on dirt. I’ve had accidents on turf and dirt. I’ve had turf horses get hurt on dirt while training.

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Barclay Tagg

Michael Stidham

No question that turf is safer, especially on a firm course vs. a yielding or a soft turf. On firm turf, as long as it’s not too firm, they’re going over the top of the turf. On a soft or yielding course, they sink down into it. And I’m a big believer in synthetic tracks because I believe they are safer to train on it. And the numbers back it up. Some horses might not race well over it. They should have three surfaces: turf, dirt and synthetic.

****************************************

Barclay Tagg

My answer would be definitely. And I’m a firm believer that they don’t bleed as easily on turf. I do believe that. From our experience, Robin (Smullen) and I both believe that turf racing is easier on the horses.

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Susan and Charles Chu

Susan Chu fell in love with horses long before she saw her first horse race. A native of Taiwan, which she describes as a “beautiful but small country,” she discovered horses after her children decided they loved them and wanted to ride them. “I took them to the mountains to see horses, but I never had a chance to touch one,” she said. “My kids wanted to ride, so I started sending them to camp at horse farms to ride little ponies. They so enjoyed it.”

She would too, after her daughter Vicky pushed her to learn how to ride. Susan did dressage, hunter-jumping and show jumping, eventually acquiring and developing Olympic-level show jumpers with her husband Charlie. That was after four-fifths of their family emigrated to the United States. 

Susan and her three kids, Vicky and sons Leo and Jerry, emigrated to America in 2000, landing in North Andover, Mass., just north of Boston. Charlie, 55, remained in Taiwan to run their business, Portman Electronics, which manufactures GPS navigational systems and has grown substantially since its inception. Charlie supervised the manufacturing while Susan, 52, traveled the world promoting their company, frequently being the lone woman in meetings and trade shows.

Susan and Charlie not only run their business 8,500 miles apart, but they raised their family as well, spending one week a month together. The arrangement has and continues to work for Susan and Charlie, who has evolved into a world-class design engineer, traveling the globe as a consultant, assisting other Asian technology firms and hoping to break into foreign markets.

When her three kids were in college, Susan got a call from Vicky, an engineering major at Boston University who had been given an internship in Louisville, Ky. “She called and told me about the Kentucky Derby,” Susan said. “I didn’t know anything about it. What is the Kentucky Derby? My daughter advised me it was very exciting. We had no idea what is horse racing.”

She and Charlie decided to find out. They went to the 2010 Kentucky Derby and watched Super Saver win on a sloppy track. “That was really the first time we realized how many people went to the Derby,” she said.

The family returned to Louisville to watch 15-1 I’ll Have Another win the 2012 Run for the Roses, a race which redirected their lives. They bet on I’ll Have Another. “Charlie picked one horse, and he won!” Susan said. “We won a lot of money betting him. Charlie was very, very happy. He said, kind of joking, `We should go into this business.’ I said, `No problem.’ We had so much fun watching the race because we love horses so much—such beautiful creatures.”

When Charlie returned to Taiwan, Susan went to work. “I started to study,” she said. “I decided to create a company to run this business. If I want to do this business, I want to do good. I want to do it right. I realized how wonderful the industry is. I am Taiwanese. I am a woman. I needed to hire people who knew more than me—people who have a passion like me.”

They would race under the names of Baoma Corp and Tanma, which means “horse in the sky.” She made equine welfare a top priority.

Initially deciding to buy six horses, Susan needed a trainer. She traveled the country to interview seven trainers with Derby experience in New York, Maryland, Kentucky and California. The last trainer she talked to was a man used to finishing first, Hall of Famer Bob Baffert. “He was so very clear: `How many horses do you want to buy,’” Susan said. “He tells me the business is not easy.’”

Baffert remembers their first meeting: “I tried to talk her out of it. I said, `It’s a lot of ups and downs. You’ve got to be able to handle it. It’s a beautiful business, but there’s a lot of disappointment.’”

Susan appreciated his honesty. She knew she had her trainer. “I had great pleasure to talk to Bob,” she said. “I said this is the man I should be working with. Everything went so well.”

It hasn’t stopped. “I feel so much joy. I’m so grateful to Bob,” Susan said.

Baffert said, “She’s a lot of fun. She spends three hours feeding them carrots. Her husband Charlie..he’ll fly in from Hong Kong just to watch his horse run in a maiden race. He loves it. He loves the action.”

  He’s had lots of it. Their first horse, Super Ninety Nine, won the Gr3 Southwest Stakes by 11¼ lengths, then finished third in the Gr1 Santa Anita Derby. “We watched him win by 11 lengths,” Susan said. “It was amazing. To enjoy so much success so early.”

They subsequently campaigned 2016 Champion Sprinter and Breeders’ Cup Sprint winner Drefong, who also captured the Gr1 Allen Jerkens Memorial; Chitu, a Gr3 stakes winner, who finished ninth in the 2014 Kentucky Derby and is now a stallion for them; Gr2 winner Faypien, and Gr3 winner Lord Simba.

Their success led Charlie and Sue to receive the 2017 New Owner of the Year from OwnerView.  

In 2019, their two-year-old filly Bast brought them back into the winner’s circle in a Gr1 stakes, the Starlet, after she finished third in the Gr1 Breeders’ Cup Juvenile Filly. “When I went to see her after the Breeders’ Cup, she didn’t come to me like she normally does,” Susan said. “She doesn’t want to eat carrots. She just stood in the back of the stall. She was angry. She lost.”

After the victory in the Starlet, Susan got a different reaction when she came to the barn. “I ran to the barn to thank her, and she was so happy. She came to me. She tried to tell me she won. She totally knows.”

Success hasn’t deterred Susan from her goal of taking care of horses. She has been a huge supporter of Michael Blowen’s Old Friends Farm in Georgetown, Ky. “She came to the farm on a tour,” Blowen said. “She loves the horses. She lights up when she sees them. She’s so nice. Any time we run a little short, I call her and she covers it. Fifty thousand dollars would be a conservative guess of how much she’s contributed.”

She feels she is giving back, saying, “The joys that our horses bring us today, we will have for life.”

Robert Donaldson

Nearly 50 years after they jump-started their continuing love affair and marriage by jumping the fence at Garden State Park to watch the last race at the age of 14, Robert Donaldson and his wife, Sue, had an interesting afternoon on May 18, 2018. Previously, with the approval of Sue (a teacher), Donaldson (a 62-year-old retired pharmaceutical executive) had been racing claimers. 

That changed that afternoon when Donaldson called his former trainer, Carlos Guerrero, to inquire about a possible claim. Guerrero happened to be at the Timonium Two-Year-Olds in Training Sale in May. “I had spent time with that catalog,” Donaldson said. “I grabbed a sales book. I told him, ‘I want you to possibly buy a horse.’ I called to get a credit line for $100,000. They were on No. 43. I told him, `No. 50 is a Hard Spun.’ I said, `Carlos, have you seen him?’ He said, `He’s a good-looking colt. He texted me, `How much do you want to spend?’ I said, `$70,000.’ They were at $60,000, once, twice, three times; and Carlos bid $64,000.”

They got the colt. “Every horse prior to that I had claimed,” Donaldson said. “This is the first baby I bought.”

Now there was a personal matter to address. “I did this without speaking to my wife about it,” he said. “This went down. She was at school teaching three- to five-year-olds.”

The conversation when she got home went something like this:

“I bought a baby for $64,000.”

“What?”

“I bought this horse for $64,000.”

Donaldson continued, “She was cool with it. She’s a gamer like me. Not many people could tell their wife that, and it’s okay. Sue—I love her more today than I did then. I’m very lucky.”

They were 14 when they broke into Garden State to watch a race. “We were freshmen in high school,” Donaldson said. “She played field hockey. I played football. Her uncle dabbled with horses, and she always liked them. When we got together, we had a common interest.”

One afternoon, they bet $5 on a longshot at Garden State but couldn’t stay for the race. “We had to go home for dinner,” Donaldson said. “We listened to the results on the radio. He paid about $100. That was big-time action at my age. We were really smitten from then on.”

After Robert graduated from Susquehanna University in Pennsylvania, Donaldson worked for Kellogg’s before he found his career in pharmaceuticals, working for three different companies, including Astra Pharmaceuticals (now Astra Zeneca), a Swedish start-up company in Westborough, Mass. Sue worked at the Romney School for the Deaf and Blind.

Donaldson made his first claim at Garden State, taking Pitch Out for $7,500. “He turned into an overnight stakes horse,” Donaldson said. “I got offered $30,000 for him, and I took it.” That led him to claiming Groovy Feeling for $20,000. “She turned into a Gr2 stakes winner with John Servis and was the top handicap mare in New York,” he said. “She won the Gr2 Ladies Handicap and the Gr3 Rare Treat and Next Move. She was just a killer. She’d get on the front end and say, `See ya.’” He also had a good run with Slick Horn, a $40,000 claim. “Talk about a nice horse,” Donaldson said. “He would give you everything he had. When he heard another horse coming, he’d pin his ears back. He was ultra-game—a good hard-knocking horse.”

Donaldson took a break from Thoroughbreds for a good reason. “I had to educate my kids,” he said. “I put our priorities in place. The horses took a back seat. I got out of the game for a few years. I still would go to Garden State. I missed it.”

Both his daughter Christine and son Steven prospered after college, Christine doing clinical trials in drugs, Steven becoming a tree surgeon. He also is an artist, climber and a charity worker.

Then Donaldson got back in the game, reconnecting with Guerrero and reinstating him as his trainer on Spun to Run.  

Spun to Run needed five starts to break his maiden; he won two in a row then finished third to Maximum Security in the Gr1 Haskell. He captured the Gr3 Smarty Jones, finished a close fifth by 1 ½ lengths to Math Wizard in the Gr1 Pennsylvania Derby and won the $100,000 M.P. Ballezzi Appreciation Mile at Parx. That made Spun to Run two-for-two at one mile and convinced Guerrero and Donaldson to give their rapidly improving three-year-old colt a start in the Breeders’ Cup Mile to take on superstar Omaha Beach.

When Spun to Run won the Breeders’ Cup Dirt Mile wire-to-wire by 2¾ lengths over Omaha Beach, the Donaldsons had their first Gr1 stakes victory. Spun to Run followed that effort with a strong second to Maximum Security in the Gr1 Cigar Mile. “It’s just indescribable,” Donaldson said. “This horse has brought so much enjoyment—I can’t tell you.”

It’s a journey he’s shared with the woman he loves. “She keeps me grounded,” Donaldson said. “Sue is so much a part of me.”

Ryan Exline and Justin Border

Ryan Exline will never forget the feeling after he bought his first horse at the 2013 Ocala March Two-Year-Olds in Training Sale for himself, his dad and three friends who had decided to take a shot and buy their first Thoroughbred. “I remember sweating profusely in an Uber heading to the airport,” he said. There was a good reason. The group had agreed to budget $50,000. On the advice of bloodstock agent Marette Farrell, Exline spent $100,000 to purchase Sheza Smoke Show, who had worked a furlong in :10 flat.

“I called the others and said, `Congratulations, we bought a horse. We spent a little more than we wanted,’” Exline said. “We gave them the option of going in or not. Every single person went in.” 

Justin Border was one of the friends he called. “I’m following along the sales online. Obviously, it was a shock. I was fine, once I got up from falling down on the floor,” he laughed. “We were just two guys getting into this crazy game.” 

They’re two guys who are 50-50 partners in Exline Border Racing, which did just fine with Sheza Smoke Show. “Thankfully, she went on to win a Gr1 at Santa Anita,” Exline said. “She earned $150,000 racing. And we sold her for over $200,000 at a broodmare sale. We had to retire her a little early because of injuries.”

Exline, 38, is a senior living management administrator who was born in Oklahoma, moved to Indianapolis with his family when he was three, and ultimately moved to San Diego in 2006. He’d watched the Kentucky Derby on TV but never attended a racetrack.

That changed when some high school friends who had moved from Indiana to San Diego decided to go to the track—Del Mar—near Exline’s condo. “I’d never been before,” he said. “We all went. It seemed like we couldn’t lose a race. I said, `Wow, it’s an easy way to make money.’”

He quickly learned that bettors can lose too, but his fascination with the sport had taken root. “I started researching it and studying it,” he said. “One day, I decided I wanted to own a horse. How do you do that? I needed to surround myself with people who are smarter than me. I got referred by a friend to Marette.”

Border, a 45-year-old occupational therapist from Northern California, had been raised around horses in Brentwood, a small town near San Francisco. He learned to ride at the age of five on a Quarter Horse named Red Bert Bailey. Unfortunately, the horse died when Border was seven. “It was a life lesson for a little kid, but it certainly didn’t put me off loving horses and wanting to take care of them,” he said.

He met Exline through work at a senior rehab facility in San Diego. “Immediately, I saw he had a lot of Indianapolis Colts paraphernalia, so I knew he was into sports,” Border said. “A big Colts fan, he had gone to the Super Bowl. We got talking about sports then about work. We became fast friends from there.”

Now they’re partners. And, after purchasing their first Thoroughbred, they needed a trainer. “We knew we needed a trainer who would have patience with us,” Border said. “Peter Eurton was highly recommended by another trainer. I said, `I think we have our guy.’ Ryan took the lead on reaching out to Peter. He called him and said, `Peter you don’t know us, but we have a horse, and we want to go into your barn.’ He saw the video from the sale, looked up the page in the catalog and said, `That’s a pretty nice filly.’”

Since then, Exline Border Racing has mostly hit home runs. After spending $100,000 to buy Bayonet—a Colonel John filly who didn’t make money on the track and became a broodmare—they campaigned the hard-hitter Giant Expectations, a winner of four of 23 starts including a pair of Gr2 stakes. He will race as a seven-year-old this year. “He’s been a special horse for us,” Exline said.

So was their brilliant 2016 Two-Year-Old Filly Champion Filly Champagne Room, who won the 2016 Breeders’ Cup Juvenile Filly at 33-1; and Storm the Court, a two-year-old they purchased at Ocala in April 2019, for $60,000 who gave them their second Breeders’ Cup victory in the 2019 Juvenile.

“It’s been the stuff of dreams,” Border said. “Then again, it’s the result of a lot of hard work and a lot of great people helping us—a trainer like Peter and an agent like Marette. It’s a reflection of their talent and their expertise, and that the horse always comes first. We’re very humbled by the success we’ve had in such a short time.”

Before Storm the Court became “the stuff of dreams,” Exline, Border and their other partners on the horse, Dan Hudock, Susie Wilson and David Bernsen, had to survive a frightful moment in the Gr1 Del Mar Futurity on Sept. 2. Just a few steps out of the gate, Storm the Court was knocked sideways by Eight Rings when he ducked inside. Both horses lost their jockey, Flavien Prat and Drayden Van Dyke.

“We had the rail,” Border said. “We were happy with the break. We felt fine. Then all of a sudden, here comes Eight Rings looking like he was turning to go into the infield. We see our jockey went down. Storm was running loose on the track. With a two-year-old, that’s just a nightmare. We were looking back to see if the jockey was okay. We were looking at our horse. An outrider finally caught him on the turn. We walked on the track—a really upsetting moment at least. Flavien got up. The horse came off the track okay, not hurt, not lame.”

In his first race back, Storm the Court finished third by 8 ¼ lengths to Eight Rings in the Gr1 American Pharoah Stakes Sept. 27. Then Storm the Court won the Breeders’ Cup Juvenile wire-to-wire by a neck at odds of 45-1. “Maybe two steps before they hit the finish line, all the blood left my body,” Border said. “There was this rush, knowing he had done it. Everybody exploded. Couldn’t find enough people to hug.”

He knows which horse to hug. “We love our boy,” he said.

Asked how he can possibly not dream about the 2020 Kentucky Derby, Border said, “It’s impossible.”

Testosterone - More than just muscles

By Dr Catherine Dunnett

Testosterone is a hormone that has received a lot of attention in the media, mostly in a negative context due to its historical doping use in humans and animals.  When we think about testosterone we associate it with muscle building and aggression. There is, however, so much more to testosterone, which I have uncovered in recent weeks.  

Testosterone is a hormone that is produced naturally by colts, fillies and geldings in varying amounts. Colts show a naturally higher circulating level of testosterone than geldings and fillies. Testosterone is classified as a steroid hormone, and it has a characteristic ring-like structure, being ultimately derived from cholesterol (see Figure 1).  It is produced primarily in the testes in colts, but perhaps surprisingly also in the ovaries and adrenal glands, which explains the natural levels found in fillies and geldings.  

Testosterone is responsible for the development of primary sexual characteristics in males and also drives muscle development. However, it is also converted to dihydrotestosterone and estradiol, both of which have interrelated functions.  Estradiol has a major role to play in the brain and in maintaining cartilage integrity and bone density. Interestingly, neither synthetic testosterone, nor dihydrotestosterone can be converted to estradiol; and so this is likely to have negative connotations for bone when the muscular strength is affected through synthetic testosterone administration.

Testosterone also has an effect on blood by stimulating the production of red blood cells. It is also reputed to have a psychological impact beyond the well-recognized effects on sexual drive and aggression.  In people, testosterone is reported to boost confidence and positivity in some circumstances, as well as dominance and competitive success.

Testosterone synthesis is not straightforward and forms part of a complex series of pathways where cholesterol can be converted to one of many possible steroidal substances. How much testosterone is produced is controlled by a series of hormones and various feedback mechanisms. Stimulation of testosterone synthesis would be difficult to achieve non-medically, yet it has been a target of supplement manufacturers in humans and horses over many years.  Ingredients such as gamma oryzanol, fenugreek, ginseng, velvet antler, horny goat weed and others have been offered as having a positive effect on testosterone synthesis. Most of these ingredients, however, would have little in the way of science to support this and even where some published studies exist. For example, for extracts of fenugreek, there is significant controversy over the validity of the results. Additionally, one can never be sure that a positive result in one species will deliver the same in another species due to differences in digestion and absorptive capacity, as well as physiological differences.  As far as I am aware, there are no ingredients or products that have been unequivocally shown to boost circulating testosterone in horses.

Rice bran oil

One such ingredient—gamma oryzanol—is a nutritionally important constituent of rice bran oil and is normally present at a level of about 1-2%.  Gamma oryzanol is sometimes marketed as a “natural steroid” with the ability to increase circulating testosterone naturally. Gamma oryzanol is in fact not a single compound but a mixture of ferulic acid esters of triterpene alcohols and plant sterols. 

Gamma oryzanol has been used in both human and equine athletes in the belief that it elicits anabolic effects, ranging from increased testosterone production and release, to stimulating growth hormone release. …

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Modern saddle design - how technology can quantify the impact saddles have on performance

By Dr Russell Mackechnie-Guire

Thanks to advances in technology, it is getting easier for scientists to study horses in a training environment. This, combined with recent saddlery developments in other disciplines, is leading to significant progress in the design and fit of exercise saddles.

Back pain, muscle tension and atrophy are common issues in yards. Although there are many contributory factors, the saddle is often blamed as a potential cause. Unlike other equestrian sports, where the effect of tack and equipment on the horse has been investigated, until now there has been little evidence quantifying the influence of exercise saddles.

New era

The technological advances used in sport horse research are sparking a new era in racing, enhancing our understanding of the physiological and biomechanical demands on the horse and helping improve longevity and welfare. For the trainer this translates into evidence-based knowledge that will result in marginal or, in some cases, major gains in terms of a horse’s ability to race and achieve results. Race research has always been problematic, not least due to the speed at which the horse travels. Studies have previously been carried out in gait laboratories on treadmills, but this is not representative of normal terrain or movement. Thanks to new measuring techniques, we can now study the horse in motion on the gallops. Evidence of this new era arises from a recent study published in the Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. It found areas of high pressures under commonly used exercise saddles which had a negative influence on back function, affecting the horse’s gallop and consequently performance. 

Figure 1: Three most commonly used saddle-tree lengths, plus the new design (purple 40cm)

The pressure’s on

Researchers used a combination of pressure mapping and gait analysis (see Technology in focus panel) to investigate three designs of commonly used exercise saddles: full tree, half tree and three-quarter tree. The aim was to identify pressure magnitude and distribution under each of the saddles then to establish whether the gait (gallop) was improved in a fourth saddle designed to remove these pressures. 

Areas of high pressure were found in the region of the 10th-13th thoracic vertebrae (T10-T13). Contrary to popular belief, none of the race exercise saddles tested in this study produced peak pressure on or around the scapula. The pressures around T10-T13 at gallop in the half, three-quarter and full tree were in excess of those detected during jumping or dressage in sport horses. They were also higher than pressures reported to be associated with clinical signs of back pain. Therefore, it is widely accepted that high pressures caused by the saddle could be a contributory factor to back pain in horses in training.  

FIgure 2: Half tree: High peak pressures in the region of T10-T14 were consistent with the end of the tree.

Three-quarter tree: Peak pressure was localized on one side of the back at a time, depending on the horse’s gallop lead.

Full tree: Peak pressure was further back and, although not high, gait analysis demonstrated a reduction in the extent to which the hindlimb comes under the horse, reducing the power in the stride.

New design: A more uniform pressure distribution, recording the lowest peak pressures at each location.]

Lower pressure leads to longer strides

Figure 3: A greater femur-to-vertical angle indicates that the hindlimb is being brought forward more as the horse gallops.

When looking at propulsion, there are two important measurements: the angle of the femur relative to the vertical and hip flexion. When pressures were reduced beneath the saddle, researchers saw an increased femur-to-vertical angle in the hindlimb and a smaller hip flexion angle (denoting the hip is more flexed).

Figure 4: A smaller hip flexion angle denotes the hip is more flexed, allowing the horse to bring his quarters further under him and generate increased power.]

When pressure is reduced in the region of T13, the hindlimb is allowed to come more horizontally under the horse at this point in the stride, leading to an increase in stride length. Researchers speculate that this could be due to the fact that the thorax is better able to flex when pressure is reduced.

Perhaps surprisingly, the study found that reducing saddle pressures did not result in any significant alteration in the forelimb at gallop. The major differences were recorded in hindlimb function. This could be explained anatomically; the forelimb is viewed as a passive strut during locomotion, whereas the hindlimbs are responsible for force production.

Figure 5: Improved hip flexion was recorded in the new saddle design (A) compared to a commonly used saddle (B).

This is consistent with findings in the sport horse world, where extensive research investigating pressures in the region of the 10th-13th thoracic vertebrae has shown that reducing saddle pressure is associated with improved gait features in both dressage and jumping. 

Speed matters

High speeds are associated with higher vertical forces beneath the saddle. It has been shown that a 10% increase in speed at walk increases pressures under the saddle by 5%, and in trot the figure rises to 14%. Figures for canter or gallop have not been recorded, but pressures under exercise saddles were significantly higher than in dressage or jumping, despite the jockey being in a standing position and having a lower center of mass compared to most other equestrian athletes. Plus, race exercise saddles are lighter than those in other disciplines. These findings support the theory that the higher pressures seen in gallop are due to forces created by an increase in speed.

At walk, with the addition of a rider, the forces on the horse’s back are equivalent to the rider’s body mass. At trot, this becomes equivalent to twice the body mass, and two-and-a-half times at canter. In gallop, the horse’s back is experiencing a higher range of motion than in any other gait; so if the saddle induces high pressures or limits this movement, it will undoubtedly compromise the gallop. The speed in this study was standardized so that any alterations in pressure distribution would be directly attributed to the saddle and not to alterations in ground reaction forces. 

Efficiency of stride

Horses in training spend most of their time in an exercise saddle. As each loading cycle causes joint wear and tear, if a new design of the exercise saddle can help the horse achieve a longer stride length, this would mean fewer strides are necessary to cover any given distance. A study has suggested that horses have a maximum number of gallop strides in them before they fail, so any reduction in stride quantity (loading cycles) could potentially reduce injury risk. 

Compared to work, when racing, the saddle pressures are higher still. A study in 2013 looking at pressures under race saddles identified peak pressures on the spinous processes of the actual vertebrae. These pressure-sensitive bony prominences are not evolved to withstand pressure and are less equipped than the surrounding muscles to do so. Spinal clearance is, therefore, an important consideration.

Pressure pads

All saddles tested in the recent research achieve spinal clearance by means of panels separated by a channel. However, in an attempt to alleviate spinal pressure and make one saddle fit many horses, it’s standard practice to use multiple pads under an exercise saddle. This is counterproductive as it can lead to saddle instability. In galloping race horses, forward or backward slip is an issue, and this could be attributed to the use of pads. In addition, too much bulk under the saddle puts a feeling of distance between the horse and jockey.

Tack and equipment form one part of a multi-factorial approach to training, and it is an area that, until now, has been largely overlooked by the scientific community. ….

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Alan F. Balch - Anticipating necessity

Looking back over 2019, it seems to me this has been The Year of the Bromide.  Our own annus horribilus in so many ways, including having to endure so many of those truisms, many of them dubious, owing to racing’s regrettable circumstances.

“Whatever doesn’t kill you makes you stronger.”  “The darkest hour is just before dawn.” “There is no I in TEAM, but ME is in there somewhere.”

And my own personal favorite: “Stress is the confusion created when one’s mind overrides the body’s basic desire to choke the living s**t out of some a**hole who desperately deserves it.”

So, yes, if there’s one thing we’ve plenty of, it’s stress.  As an enterprise, humor aside, all of us in racing are stressed as never before; not the least of that stress is trying to determine what’s been happening, why, and how we can correct our course.

It seems to me that the root of our problem is cultural.  Other sports, when distressed, can resort to multiple remedies including constant rule-changing when faced with fundamental problems.  Tennis invented the tie-breaker to eliminate endless boredom.  Basketball adopted the three-pointer for excitement and closer competition.  Baseball re-organized its leagues, designated hitters for pitchers, juiced the ball, defined wild card teams, and improved drug testing.  Football is finally concentrating on player safety . . . too late?

But we have an animal to nurture and protect.  We’re fundamentally different from all other sports.  How human culture treats animals has been evolving since the beginning of time, and that won’t stop.

In horse sport, we who have always preached animal welfare are now confronted by those who no longer speak in terms of humane husbandry, but instead of animal “rights.” Football players choose their game; horses do not, even though they’re bred for it.  Racing’s rabid enemies vehemently argue that “no animal can be required to participate in any activity without its informed consent.”  Seriously.  That means your pets and even your choice of food are at risk, according to these advocates, not just horse racing. And any leisure activity involving a horse or any other animal.

Absurd, you say?  No, it’s not.  I’ve been in front of several governmental authorities this year when these arguments have been made.  And have been received seriously and solemnly.  They underly, stimulate, and spread the entire worldwide opposition to racing we are seeing more and more every month.  Our experience and the media coverage of it at Santa Anita this year, and elsewhere, has given our enemies a platform and influence with media and journalists they always had but never before could exploit as they do now.  We belittle them, fail to understand them, and ignore these arguments and their consequences, at our peril.

A year ago in these pages, I actually praised The Jockey Club’s annual Round Table, for a change, on its enlightening and productive conference.  This year, I wish I could do the same . . . but with one exception, that’s impossible.  

The industry had a rare opportunity this August to listen to an expert who should also have been understood deeply:  David Fuscus of Xenophon Strategies, which deals with crisis management and communications.  Anyone whose company is named for the founder of horsemanship and cavalry command is someone we should take seriously.  The complete transcript of his remarks is readily available.  

After pointing out that every crisis, however dangerous, offers opportunity, he stated very simply that “the first rule of crisis communications is to end it.”  That is, end the crisis, take the actions necessary to correct the situation, and then clearly communicate that to the public.  But most often, he said, industries don’t “end it” because they don’t observe one or more of the four fundamentals he then described:  engagement, transparency, responsibility, and meaningful actions.

After detouring through non-racing case studies for illustration, he pointed out that many elements of racing are engaged on the current crisis, but not coordinated on a clear message or solution.  As to transparency, there is no unified narrative, so we’re perceived by the public as “cloudy.”  While we admit to being responsible for a problem, we don’t actually define or even agree on just what it is.  Meaningful actions?  We are a long way from ending the crisis, despite the serious steps begun in California and replicated elsewhere to improve safety.

Here, then, was a golden opportunity for The Jockey Club to set out explicitly what should have been and needs to be done. As an expert, who understands racing, Fuscus could have helped us understand and begin developing the fundamental “engagement” he said we required.  But what happened?  Instead, he pitched the Horse Racing Integrity Act, as did the following two speakers, one from the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS).  Each was at great pains to try to connect that same old, divisive Jockey Club legislative project (which deals exclusively with an authority for uniform national drug and medication rules) to what ails us now.  That can’t be done, at least in anything close to the bill’s present form, which even detracts from the engagement, transparency, responsibility, and meaningful actions we need!  Moreover, eliminating race-day Lasix and funding the United States Anti-Doping Agency would not improve our safety metrics, and might well even worsen them, all the while calling more attention to our sport’s supposed “cheaters and abusers.”

Was it a coincidence that the 2019 version of this legislation was introduced March 14 in Congress, simultaneously with California’s United States Senator and Santa Anita’s Congresswoman in Washington calling for racing at Santa Anita to be stopped?  I doubt it . . . since the HSUS political operatives were working over Congress in support of that legislation at the very same time Santa Anita had been closed for track renovations.

Does anyone seriously believe that the enemies of racing wouldn’t see through the smokescreen of that federal legislation in a heartbeat, were it even possible to enact, and could turn its passage into the rightful accusation that it does absolutely nothing to improve safety?  Worsening our perception problems?

To achieve true engagement of the entire American racing industry on this crisis, The Jockey Club, National Thoroughbred Racing Association, Breeders’ Cup, National HBPA, Thoroughbred Horsemen’s Association, California Thoroughbred Trainers, Thoroughbred Owners of California, New York Racing Association, Churchill Downs, The Stronach Group, National Turf Writers and Broadcasters Association, Association of Racing Commissioners International and each major racing state’s commission, should be invited immediately to appoint delegates of racing’s wisest and most experienced to a leadership council.  Unwieldy?  Maybe not so much – there is so much overlap and duplication among many of these organizations that preliminary conversations could well lead to a manageable number.  In any event, the first task of these Supreme Overseers would be promptly to elect a much smaller, more effective steering committee to organize an exceptionally serious closed-door brainstorming and consensus-building strategy summit prior to the end of this year.

Engagement is job one, remember, to coordinate on clear messaging and solution development.  Everything else flows from that.

And remember too, as I’ve written before, that we are in this situation because of our increasing failure over decades to observe the most basic principles of horsemanship and racing management, and adapt to cultural changes.  Breeding a more substantial, sound horse is fundamental to its welfare; so is that horse’s proper management and the proper management of the conditions under which it is raised, trained, and raced.  There is enormous room for improvement in these basics.

As daunting as those tasks, or more, is grappling with public perception.  The culture of “animals are people, too” no doubt started with human domestication of and care for animals.  That began with dogs around 15,000 years ago, researchers say, and other animals around 12,000 years ago.  It no doubt seemed only “natural” to begin naming particular domesticated animals and even ascribing human characteristics to them.  What we now call “media,” beginning in the early 1900s, intensely stimulated this process:  Felix the Cat was “born” in 1919 and Mickey Mouse in 1928.  Motion pictures and the advent of “talkies” literally gave these animals humanistic lives, and the race to anthropomorphize virtually everything was on.
Think of it:  we started naming mammals, then expanded to fowl (Donald Duck), and as media attention exploded, just about everything else:  insects, fish, even inanimate objects such as cars and natural phenomena like storms and winds.  This all seems to be an innate tendency of human psychology, and some believe it actually helps to keep humans happy and grounded.

Pets have come to be part of the typically affluent American family, of course, and are treated as such.  Prior to World War II, pets were far less common.  But now, expenditures in the United States alone on pets mushroomed from $17-billion in 1994 to an estimated $75-billion this year.     Almost 70% of American families now own a pet, and pet marketing is based fundamentally on ascribing human characteristics to pets, as each of us sees every day in media and markets if we have our eyes open.

Is it any wonder, therefore, that animal “rights” has taken over from animal welfare, in an unthinking way, by so many in our political and media leadership and influencers?  I freely admit that I didn’t understand the distinction myself until a few months ago, and I have little doubt that only a relatively small portion of the American public has given these issues much more than a passing thought.  Which is exactly what animal “rights” extremists are banking on.  The status and emphases of organizations like the 4-H Club and Future Farmers of America have been transformed as the nation has transitioned from less rural to more urban economies, and understandings of livestock husbandry have been diminished drastically and increasingly in the last 50 years.
It is in this very fertile soil that racing’s enemies are multiplying, flowering, and prospering, while we flounder to respond.  To end a crisis.  To save our sport’s reputation and the very sport itself.

If racing is to survive in anything like its present reach and magnitude, our leadership, our cavalry command, must act like Xenophon, with care for and husbandry of the horse above all else.  They must urgently develop our strategy, anticipating the necessity of changing in harmony with the cultural evolution we can all see.  Now.  And we soldiers in the cavalry – whether breeders, owners, trainers, veterinarians, regulators, or marketers – must execute their fully developed national strategy without reservation and with massive financial, emotional, political, media, and public relations support. 

There is no realistic alternative for ending this crisis.

Terry Green

What’s a former professional cutting rider from Gulfport, Miss., doing in the winner’s circle at Saratoga Race Course after the Gr1 Hopeful Stakes? Well, he’s posing with his first Gr1 stakes winner, Basin, a horse he purchased for $150,000 at the 2018 Keeneland September Yearling Sale. “I can’t explain it,” Green said, taking a break from the 2019 Keeneland September Yearling Sale. “I’ve watched the race 25 times, probably 50 times. It’s hard to believe. When we bought the colt, we thought he was nice. When I’m sitting here in this arena, and you buy him from the bottom of the totem pole... what’s $150,000 when you see these prices these horses are going for?”

Green, 67, had quite a unique introduction to horses. “As a kid growing up in Mississippi, my grandfather had some horses,” he said. “He had cattle and he would turn them loose. Back in the day, we would brand them and turn them loose in the woods. At certain times of the year, we’d round them up. I would go into the woods with my grandfather and herd cattle. I couldn’t wait to do it every time with my grandfather. It was a blast.”

After graduating from the University of Southern Mississippi, Green became a developer, building houses, apartments and shopping centers—an occupation he continued when he moved to Houston in the late ‘80s. “I heard of cutting horses (a Western style equestrian competition which demonstrates a horse’s athleticism and the horse and rider’s ability to handle cattle), and I watched it,” Green said. “It was really cool—just a horse and a cow by themselves. I just enjoyed it so much.”

He enjoyed it even more when he became a cutting rider in the late ‘90s, competing in the non-pro ranks for some 15 years. In 2003, he opened 200-acre Jackpot Ranch in Weatherford, Texas, which became a leader in producing outstanding cutting horses.

By then, he’d ventured into the casino business, almost by accident. He and a friend in the restaurant business, Rick Carter, went on a day cruise out of Miami. “Everybody was in the casino,” Green said. “I said, `This would be unbelievable in Mississippi.”

Green and Carter contacted the Mississippi Port Authority and secured the rights to do a gambling cruise ship out of Gulfport. “We didn’t know anything about gambling,” he said. “We started sailing in and out of Mississippi. It didn’t work. We had too many people working in the engine room. We came up with the idea that if we could tie it to the dock, we could make it work. It got approved. I think it was 1989 or 1990. Now we own two casinos there, both in Gulfport, Miss. It’s really exciting. How did we do this? We were just a couple local guys from Mississippi.”

Thoroughbreds were next, thanks to his friendship with Mike Rutherford Jr., a fellow cutting rider. They became hunting buddies.

Mike’s father is a life-long horseman who began riding horses and working with cattle at the age of eight in Austin, Texas. He was a force in Quarter Horse racing before switching to Thoroughbreds. He purchased Manchester Farm in Lexington, Ky., in 1976, and it continues to thrive.

Mike and his father invited Green to their farm seven years ago. Green was blown away. “I said this is a great alternative,” he said. “I said I’m not going to be able to ride cutting horses forever.”

Two years later, Green and Rutherford Jr. created Jackpot Ranch-Rutherford. They purchased and campaigned Mississippi Delta. “She was a Gr3 winner,” Green said. “That really gave me a buzz.”

Green purchased some land near Lexington, Ky., to begin Jackpot Farm. “We built barns and paddocks,” Green said. “The last two years, I really got into it. I have about eight or nine horses now. I kind of fell in love with it pretty quick.”

Basin’s performance in the Hopeful did nothing to cool his passion. “Oh my God,” Green said. “It’s unbelievable.”

Raymond Mamone

Quitting school at the age of 14 might not work for everyone, but it allowed 86-year-old Raymond Mamone an early entrance into the real world. He began hauling ice and plucking tomatoes, eventually earning enough to open his own body shop and get involved with Thoroughbreds by claiming 22 horses in one year. He even tried training his own horses for a few months.

Now he’s enjoying life more than ever, thanks to track-record breaking Imperial Hint—one of the top sprinters in the world and a horse from a mare he had given up on and sold. Luckily, he reconnected with Imperial Hint at the age of two, bought him for $17,500 and has watched with glee as Imperial Hint bankrolled more than $1.9 million. “You can’t believe it’s happening,” he said. “It doesn’t happen to many people. How many years do people spend trying to find a good horse?”

Born in the Great Depression, Mamone was the son of an Italian immigrant who worked in the Brooklyn Navy Yard and was a tailor, too. Raymond was born in Brooklyn, where he would sneak into Ebbits Field to watch the Dodgers. His family moved to New Jersey, and Mamone quit school at an early age.

“I went looking for work,” he said. “I was an ice man—$2 a day. To make more money, I went to work on a tomato farm. Ten cents a bushel. Go down the line, bend down and pull tomatoes. I did mason work and mixed cement for contractors. I was a hustler. I moved around a lot. I went into the body shop business.”

He did well enough to open his own body shop in 1956. A trip to Monmouth Park with a friend piqued his interest. Why? “I won that day,” he laughed. “I went to the track occasionally. I decided to buy horses and get into the claiming business.”

In his first year, he claimed 22 horses with trainer Mike Vincitore. “He told me I was crazy,” Mamone said. “But I made money. I was written up in the Morning Telegraph. They wrote an article about me and Mike.”

Then Mamone began breeding horses. “I did it on my own,” he said. “Nobody really taught me anything. I have common sense. I would figure it out myself.”

He decided to try to figure out how to train his own horses and got his own trainer’s license. “I learned all this on my own,” he said. “It sounds stupid, but that’s how I did it. But I couldn’t handle the body shop and training.” So his training career lasted only six months. His involvement with Thoroughbreds has continued his whole life.

And he got lucky...very lucky. He went to look at some yearlings at the farm where he’d sold Imperial Hint’s dam. “I went down to look at yearlings and I said, `Who’s this?’ He said, `That’s your baby.’ I said, `You got to be kidding.’ He was almost two years old. They were going to take him to a sale. I bought him for $17,500. He was small but well-built.”

Mamone gave Imperial Hint and other horses to trainer Luis Carvajal, Jr., who had worked for Bobby Durso, a trainer Mamone had used. “He passed away, so I gave Luis the horses,” Mamone said. “We’re really close friends. We’re really tight.”

Carvajal is thrilled with the opportunity Mamone gave him. “It’s a good relationship—a business relationship and a friendship,” Carvajal said.

Of course, Imperial Hint’s immense success in Carvajal’s care has strengthened their bond. Imperial Hint won the 2018 Gr1 A.G. Vanderbilt Stakes at Saratoga by 3 ¾ lengths at 4-5. When he returned to defend his title in the $350,000 stakes, July 27, he went off at 5-1 due to the presence of Mitole, who had won seven straight races and nine of his last 10 starts.

“Luis didn’t want to put him in the Vanderbilt,” Mamone said. “He wanted to run in the $100,000 Tale of the Cat. I said, `No, we’re going to win this race. He said, `Are you for real?’ I said, `Yes.’ He said, `Mitole?’ I said, `Don’t worry about Mitole.’”

Imperial Hint certainly didn’t, taking his second consecutive Vanderbilt by four lengths in 1:07.92, the fastest six furlongs in Saratoga’s 150-year-history. The call from Larry Collmus was perfect: “He’s back! And he broke the track record!” That track record, 1:08.04, had been set by Spanish Riddle in 1972 and equaled by Speightstown in 2004.

Mamone said, “I didn’t think he’d break the track record. When he called that, that was unbelievable. That gave me chills.”

  It’s so much better getting chills that way than hauling ice for $2 a day.

Jimmy Jerkens

By Bill Heller

How do you measure patience...in months waiting on a talented horse...in years waiting to go out on your own?

How about perseverance? Overcoming the loss of key clients? Fighting through heart surgery and a hip replacement? 

Trainer Jimmy Jerkens, who has enjoyed the most successful run in an already successful career the past five years, sees no other way to function. Rushing horses is anathema to him. So he does the right thing with his. “You’re forced to,” he said. “You have no choice.”

Giving into lost business or personal health issues would be unnatural to him. So he fought through both. “It’s all I know how to do,” he said. “I kept working and tried hard not to lose faith. It was hard not to. I figured I’d best buckle down.”

Green Light Go winning the Gr.2 Saratoga Special

He buckled down so well that he set personal highs in earnings in 2014, topping $4 million for the first time, and he did it again in 2015 and in 2017, when his horses earned more than $5.5 million. He’s already over $3 million this year thanks to his lightly-raced six-year-old Preservationist, owned by his long-time client Centennial Farm, and his precocious two-year-old Green Light Go, owned by Stronach Stables.

It’s hard to believe that Jerkens didn’t win a single stakes in 2011 and 2012 and went through 2011, 2012 and 2013 without a graded stakes victory. Or that his stable shrunk from 40 to 12.  

Looking forward to Preservationist and Green Light Go’s next starts in high-profile Gr1 stakes at Belmont Park—Preservationist in the Jockey Club Gold Cup on Sept. 28 and Green Light Go in the Champagne the following Saturday— helped him get through hip replacement surgery on Sept. 23. A year earlier, he had heart surgery when stents were inserted.

Jimmy and Shirley Jerkens

Of course, his wife Shirley (they were high school sweethearts who grew apart then reconnected 25 years later) helped him get back on his feet and tried to prevent him from doing too much too soon, which of course, he tried to do.

“You want to do right for your owners,” Jerkens said. “You want to do things right. It’s seven days a week. There’s a lot of stress. That’s what’s hard about this business. There’s no downtime unless you make time for it.”

Shirley is a physical therapist for the New York State Department of Education, with a small private practice treating 8- to 18-year-old athletes. She is an accomplished rider and gallops horses for her husband every summer.

She knows and appreciates how hard he works: “He takes no vacations. He goes back to the barn three times a day. He sees how the horses are doing at that particular moment.”

Close your eyes and you can almost see his departed father—Hall of Fame trainer Allen Jerkens—nodding in approval that his two training sons, Steve, 63, and Jimmy, 60, learned the right way to take care of their horses and the commitment and work ethic that is required before success can follow.

“I’m very proud of Jimmy,” Steve said. “He puts everything into it and he deserves any success he gets. Like my father used to say, `You got to fight it hard. You got to keep at it.’”

It’s a family trait. Jimmy and Steve have two other siblings: Jimmy’s twin sister Julie, a school teacher and author of children’s books; and their older 67-year-old brother Alan, a recently retired sportscaster for the NBC affiliate in Tulsa, Okla. “They’re all a bunch of hard workers,” Shirley said.

Jimmy didn’t spend a lot of time figuring out where he wanted to work. He knew what he wanted to do with his life at the age of 11, when he began working weekends and summers with his father and older brother. “I was a barn rat,” he said. “It was unbelievable. We worked all day. Went to the track kitchen with the other help. We worked from dawn to dusk and never gave it a second thought.”

Steve said, “We were going to the barn with my father for as long as I can remember, on weekends and summers. Always to the barn. We’ve been doing it all our lives. At an early age, we learned to take care of the horses and we enjoyed it. We loved getting horses ready for the races. It was a great life. It kept us out of trouble.”

They’d play basketball on a wooden hoop at a small farm in Huntington, Long Island, where their father kept a couple horses. “My older brother [Alan] was a pretty good player,” Steve said. My father was very competitive. We’d have touch football games after feeding behind his barn at Belmont in the parking lot. That was very competitive. Stable hands from other outfits would show up and we’d choose sides. And we all played polo at West Hills Stable. I met my wife Joan at polo.”

The first time Shirley talked with Jimmy (they both went to Walt Whitman High School in Huntington—he was two years ahead of her) was at a polo farm where she had her horse stabled. “He was there with his dad and Steve,” Shirley said. “I was 13.” They dated for five years before going separate paths. “I wanted to get out and see the world,” she said.

Twenty-five years later, they bumped into each other at a polo event in Miami. “We just got talking,” Shirley said. “I found he was split up from his wife. I was getting divorced from my husband. That was it. We had dinner at Joe’s Stone Crab. We walked through the rain. It was romantic. From then on we’ve been together.”

They married and went on a delayed honeymoon to Napa Valley, arriving on Christmas Day in 2008. “We stayed for one week,” Jimmy said. “Believe it or not, it was a little bit of downtime. The horses had shipped to Florida. It was actually a good time to go.”

He had a good time during what may be the only real vacation he’s ever taken. Shirley testified, “He did relax,” knowing how unusual that is for him.  

Shirley was surprised to see a side of Jimmy that he and his father shared: “Even with all their skills and their success, they’re very humble.”

Jimmy, though, idolized his father. “Growing up and seeing my father—he was at the pinnacle of his career. WOR-TV had horse racing on the weekends. He was on almost every weekend. I was so proud of him, seeing his horses run on television. You get so proud of it, you wanted to be a bigger part of it. My father had such devotion to his horses. He was my hero. I guess it just kind of rubbed off. I wanted him to be proud of me. I knew I wanted to do it.”

Steve saw his younger brother’s passion for horses at an early age. “He was always a student of the game,” Steve said. “He read books about breeding. He had a great memory about horses. Worked hard at it. Even galloped horses.”

One Saturday afternoon at Saratoga was one of the highlights of both Jimmy and Steve’s lives. They watched from the backstretch as their horse Onion stepped into the starting gate to tackle Secretariat in the 1973 Whitney Stakes. “That was like a fantasy,” Jimmy said. “We just didn’t know what to expect. He (Onion) was super sharp. He broke the track record four days earlier. We were hoping he’d get a check.”

But there was an obstacle for Steve and Jimmy. The toteboard blocked their view of part of the stretch. “We saw him in front, then we were blocked by the toteboard a little bit,” Steve said. “Sure enough, he was still in front. It was great—some thrill.”

Jimmy said, “We just couldn’t believe that. I’ll remember that for the rest of my life. We jumped up and down like idiots. We just beat one of the best horses to ever live with a homebred gelding. That wasn’t supposed to happen.”

They celebrated…(ready for this?) By playing touch football!

Jimmy’s hoop days are long gone, but his passion for his horses continues unabated. And it served him well while working for his father and then finally, he went on his own in December 1997, two months before his 39th birthday. “It was my father’s idea,” Jimmy said. “I had just gotten divorced, and I was pretty down. He was trying to pull me out of a little funk. He said, `Why don’t you go out on your own?’ He had an owner, Peter Blum, who started my brother out. He said, `Take his six horses that I have. Maybe Mrs. DuPont will have a couple. Earl Mack possibly.’ I said, ‘Yeah, it sounds good.’ That’s what we did.”

Jimmy’s success was immediate. In his first full year on his own in 1998, he won 35 of 186 starts and his horses earned $1.4 million. Not bad for a 39-year-old rookie. He topped $1 million for 13 straight years before his stable took a mighty hit. Actually two hits.

With Jimmy as his trainer, Edward Evans’ Quality Road won the 2009 Gr2 Fountain of Youth and the Gr1 Florida Derby. That made Evans’ decision to take all his horses from Jimmy hard to fathom. Then another long-time client, Susan Moore, took her horses from him. “He went from 40 horses to 12,” Shirley said.

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Backstretch Forward

By Annie Lambert

CHRB member Oscar Gonzales, Jr, possesses the backside credentials to confidently tackle his new position.

He may have come from humble beginnings, but recently appointed California Horse Racing Board appointee Oscar Gonzales, Jr, drew from family values on and off the racetrack in pursuit of success.

Gonzales is proud of his large racetrack family, including National Museum of Racing Hall of Famer Ishmael ‘Milo’ Valenzuela. Almost every one of his relations, in fact, has worked on the backside at California racetracks.

The 51-year-old former groom worked his way through college and into corporate business and public service. Gonzales has a passion for people, which his career goals have embraced.

“I grew up in East Los Angeles where poverty rates are high, but dreams and hopes are alive and well,” acknowledged Gonzales. “That, coupled with my experience on the backstretch where the work ethic and commitment to a bigger picture, is really what got me started into public service.”

On Track

Gonzales is the penultimate of four children born to Oscar, Sr, and Yolanda Gonzales as a young couple living in East Los Angeles. 

His extended family is a complex blend of the Gonzales and Valenzuela families. Jockey Milo Valenzuela is Gonzales Sr’s uncle, making rider Patrick Valenzuela Oscar Jr’s second cousin. Milo had 21 siblings, so, plenty of family worked on the backside. A four-generation pedigree could seem daunting.

“My dad’s mom, Maria Gonzales, is the sister of the Valenzuela brothers,” Oscar pointed out. “The boys were all jockeys or trainers; the women worked a combination of jobs.”  

At 6’1” Oscar chuckled that he never had a shot at making a rider.

Oscar, Sr, was an exercise rider in his younger (lighter) years before grooming and working as a barn foreman. Grandpa Jose (Joe) Gonzales, fondly nicknamed Chelo, was a groom for Lou Carno and others. Grandmother Gonzales, Maria, sold her homemade burritos barn-to-barn on the backside.

Oscar and his brother, Alfred, followed in the shadow of their father and grandfather. Alfred spent three years grooming horses for Tom Blinco, before sadly passing away at a young age. 

Oscar, Jr, truly grew up on the backstretch; in his early teens he helped his father and grandfather whenever school afforded him the time. He often ate in the track kitchen where his mom worked. Once he secured his first license he stepped out from under the family umbrella.

Gonzales enjoyed his school days era. He was a Student Body President in high school, as well as in college - his first two leadership positions. His initial, official boss on the backside was his uncle, Albino Valenzuela in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

“You always kind of start off with the family and then you find people outside the family pay just a little bit better and they don’t work you so hard,” Gonzales said with a laugh. 

Gonzales is confident he can be a bridge between individuals and groups to help resolve some of racing’s bigger challenges.

“When I first got my license in 1984 at Hollywood Park, my dad was a barn foreman for Martin Valenzuela, Sr, who had some really good horses back then,” said Gonzales. “I was able to work for some big outfits and learn the ropes. My first two full-time hot walking jobs were during the summers of 1984 and 1985 working for Joe Manzi and Dick Mulhall respectively. Those were really good experiences, great horsemen, well rounded, quality horses with good people around them all the time.”

Once graduated from Rosemead High School, just four miles from Santa Anita, he attended East Los Angeles College in nearby Monterey Park, California, before transferring to University of California San Diego three years later. 

While attending ELAC, Gonzales went to work full-time at the racetrack rubbing horses in Darrell Vienna’s barn for three years. When he transferred to UCSD he spent two years working for D Wayne Lukas and his assistant, Randy Bradshaw, at San Diego Chargers owner Gene Klein’s training facility in Rancho Santa Fe near Del Mar.

During his school years Gonzales never quibbled about the size of his paychecks. 

“I always asked for flexibility because of my class schedule and extra curricular activities,” Gonzales offered. “Everywhere I worked people were always supportive. I never asked for any other favors except to hang my tubs early so I could go take an exam or go to a meeting at school.”

“It all worked out,” he added. “Without that experience on the backside I don’t think I would have gotten through school; I’d never have been involved in public service. There were so many people that I surrounded myself with that understood that I was kind of on a mission in life to help people and to not forget where I came from.”

There was a crossroad for Gonzales once he finished his education. Training horses had always been a passion of his. He secured his trainers license at Sunland Park in New Mexico, but before he dove into that profession life circumstances drew him into politics.

“Training was always a desire of mine because it’s such an honorable profession,” said Gonzales. “It takes a lot of hard work and attention to detail. I always looked up to the trainers and their ability to straddle many worlds; they have to be competent in so many ways. It’s one of the best professions out there. The good trainers last so long because they love what they do.”

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Conformation and breeding choices

By Judy Wardrope

A lot of factors go into the making of a good racehorse, but everything starts with the right genetic combinations, and when it comes to genetics, little is black and white. The best we can do is to increase our odds of producing or selecting a potential racehorse. Examining the functional aspects of the mare and then selecting a stallion that suits her is another tool in the breeding arsenal.

For this article we will use photos of four broodmares and analyze the mares’ conformational points with regard to performance as well as matings likely to result in good racehorses from each one. We will look at qualities we might want to cement and qualities we might hope to improve for their offspring. In addition, we will look at their produce records to see what has or has not worked in the past.

In order to provide a balance between consistency and randomness, only mares that were grey (the least common color at the sale) with three or more offspring that were likely to have had a chance to race (at least three years old) were selected. In other words, the mares were not hand-picked to prove any particular point. 

All race and produce information was taken from the sales catalogue at the time the photos were taken (November 2018) and have not been updated. 

Mare 1

Her lumbosacral gap (LS) (just in front of the high point of croup, and the equivalent of the horse’s transmission) is not ideal, but within athletic limits; however, it is an area one would hope to improve through stallion selection. One would want a stallion with proven athleticism and a history of siring good runners.

Mare 1

The rear triangle and stifle placement (just below sheath level if she were male) are those of a miler. A stallion with proven performance at between seven furlongs and a mile and an eighth would be preferable as it would be breeding like to like from a mechanical perspective rather than breeding a basketball star to a gymnast.

Her pillar of support emerges well in front of the withers for some lightness of the forehand, but just behind the heel. One would look for a stallion with the bottom of the pillar emerging into the rear quarter of the hoof for improved soundness and longevity on the track. Her base of neck is well above her point of shoulder, adding additional lightness to the forehand, and she has ample room behind her elbow to maximize the range of motion of the forequarters. Although her humerus (elbow to point of shoulder) shows the length one would expect in order to match her rear stride, one would likely select a stallion with more rise from elbow to point of shoulder in order to add more lightness to the forehand.

Her sire was a champion sprinter as well as a successful sire, and her female family was that of stakes producers. She was a stakes-placed winner at six furlongs—a full-sister to a stakes winner at a mile as well as a half-sister to another stakes-winning miler. Her race career lasted from three to five.

She had four foals that met the criteria for selection; all by distance sires of the commercial variety. Two of her foals were unplaced and two were modest winners at the track. I strongly suspect that this mare’s produce record would have proven significantly better had she been bred to stallions that were sound milers or even sprinters.

Mare 2 

Her LS placement, while not terrible, could use improvement; so one would seek a stallion that was stronger in this area and tended to pass on that trait. 

The hindquarters are those of a sprinter, with the stifle protrusion being parallel to where the bottom of the sheath would be. It is the highest of all the mares used in this comparison, and therefore would suggest a sprinter stallion for mating.

Mare 2

Her forehand shows traits for lightness and soundness: pillar emerging well in front of the withers and into the rear quarter of the hoof, a high point of shoulder plus a high base of neck. She also exhibits freedom of the elbow. These traits one would want to duplicate when making a choice of stallions.

However, her length of humerus would dictate a longer stride of the forehand than that of the hindquarters. This means that the mare would compensate by dwelling in the air on the short (rear) side, which is why she hollows her back and has developed considerable muscle on the underside of her neck. One would hope to find a stallion that was well matched fore and aft in hopes he would even out the stride of the foal.

Her sire was a graded-stakes-placed winner and sire of stakes winners, but not a leading sire. Her dam produced eight winners and three stakes winners of restricted races, including this mare and her full sister. 

She raced from three to five and had produced three foals that met the criteria for this article. One (by a classic-distance racehorse and leading sire) was a winner in Japan, one (by a stallion of distance lineage) was unplaced and one (by a sprinter sire with only two starts) was a non-graded stakes-winner. In essence, her best foal was the one that was the product of a type-to-type mating for distance, despite the mare having been bred to commercial sires in the other two instances.

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Ontario Breeding

By Alex Campbell

The Ontario breeding industry has experienced a number of twists and turns since the provincial government canceled the lucrative slots-at-racetracks program back in 2013. Prior to the cancelation of the program, the once robust industry had years where more than 1,600 mares were bred in the province, according to numbers published by The Jockey Club. In 2018, that number was down to 733.

While the cancelation of the program has impacted the majority of the province’s breeders, well-known breeding operations in Ontario have experienced success through all of the uncertainty. Sam-Son Farm won back-to-back Sovereign Awards as Canada’s top breeder in 2013 and 2014, while Frank Stronach’s Adena Springs won three straight Sovereign Awards between 2015 and 2017 when they bred two Queen’s Plate winners in that time, including Shaman Ghost in 2015 and Holy Helena in 2017. 

Along with these big operations, several other commercial breeders are also experiencing success, not only in Ontario but throughout North America and internationally as well. Ivan Dalos’ Tall Oaks Farm bred two Gr1 winners in 2018, including full brothers Channel Maker, who won the Joe Hirsch Turf Classic at Belmont Park, and Johnny Bear, who won the Gr1 Northern Dancer Turf Stakes at Woodbine for the second consecutive year. In addition, Dalos also bred Avie’s Flatter, Canada’s champion two-year-old in 2018; dam In Return, who produced Channel Maker; and Johnny Bear, which was Canada’s Outstanding Broodmare. As a result, Tall Oaks Farm won its first Sovereign Award for Outstanding Breeder in 2018 as well.

Horses bred by David Anderson’s Anderson Farms and Sean and Dorothy Fitzhenry also were big winners at last year’s Sovereign Awards. Anderson bred Queen’s Plate winner and 2018 Canadian Horse of the Year, Wonder Gadot, while Fitzhenry’s homebred, Mr Havercamp, was named champion older male and champion male turf horse. Both Anderson and Fitzhenry have also had success selling horses internationally, primarily at Keeneland. In 2017, Anderson sold Ontario-bred yearling, Sergei Prokofiev—a son of Scat Daddy—to Coolmore for $1.1 million. One of Fitzhenry’s success stories is that of Marketing Mix, who he sold for $150,000 to Glen Hill Farm at the 2009 Keeneland September Yearling Sale. Marketing Mix went on to win the Wonder Where Stakes at Woodbine as a three-year-old in 2011, and captured two Gr1 victories later on in her career in the 2012 Rodeo Drive Stakes at Santa Anita and the 2013 Gamely Stakes at Hollywood Park.

For Anderson, commercial breeding is all he’s ever known. The son of the late Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame inductee, Robert Anderson, David Anderson grew up around horses at his father’s farm in St. Thomas, Ontario. In the 1970s and 1980s, Anderson Farms was one of the biggest breeders and consignors in the province, breeding several graded stakes winners. In fact, in 1985, Anderson Farms was the leading consignor at both the Saratoga and Keeneland yearling sales.

“That’s what my father established years ago, and that’s what I grew up with was breeding and selling at all of the international sales,” David Anderson said. “We haven’t diverted from that philosophy in nearly 50 years. It’s what I learned growing up, and I try to buy the best quality mares that I can and breed to the best quality sires that I can.”

David Anderson (blue suit) with Peter Berringer

While Anderson closely watched his father build up the Thoroughbred side of the business, he got experience of his own breeding Standardbreds. After all, the farm’s location in Southwestern Ontario is in the heart of Standardbred racing in the province. Anderson said the Standardbred business had a number of success stories spanning more than a decade: breeding champions such as Pampered Princess, Southwind Allaire, Cabrini Hanover, and The Pres.

In 2010, Robert Anderson passed away from a heart attack, and the farm was taken over by David Anderson and his sister, Jessica Buckley, who is the current president of Woodbine Mohawk Park. Anderson went on to buy Buckley out of her share of the farm and took on full control. He also decided he wanted to focus exclusively on Thoroughbred breeding and racing.

“After my Dad died I decided I wanted to jump back into the Thoroughbreds,” he said. “I sold all the Standardbreds and put everything I had back into Thoroughbreds. I came full circle back to my roots, and this is where I really love it.”

It’s been a long-term project for Anderson to get the farm to where it is today. After taking control of the farm, Anderson sold off all of his father’s mares—with the exception of one—and began to build the business back up. Anderson said his broodmare band currently sits between 25 and 30, which is where he wants to keep it.

Fitzhenry, on the other hand, took a much different path to his current standing in the Thoroughbred breeding industry. Fitzhenry said his start in Thoroughbred racing came through a horse owned by friends Debbie and Dennis Brown. Fitzhenry and his wife, Dorothy, would follow the Brown’s horse, No Comprende, who won seven of his 30 starts in his career, including the Gr3 Woodbine Slots Cup Handicap in 2003.

The Fitzhenrys decided they wanted to get involved in ownership themselves and partnered with the Browns on a couple of horses. The more Fitzhenry got involved, the more the breeding industry appealed to him.

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Thoroughbred nutrition past & present

By Catherine Rudenko

Feeding practices for racehorses have changed as nutritional research advances and food is no longer just fuel but a tool for enhancing performance and providing that winning edge. 

While feeding is dominantly considered the content of the feed bucket, which by weight forms the largest part of the horse’s diet, changes in forage quality have also played a role in the changing face of Thoroughbred nutrition. The content of the feed bucket, which is becoming increasingly elaborate with a multitude of supplements to consider, the forages—both long and short chop and even the bedding chosen—all play a part in what is “the feed program.” Comparing feed ingredients of the past against the present provides some interesting insights as to how the industry has changed and will continue to change.

Comparing key profiles of the past and present 

The base of any diet is forage, being the most fundamental need of the horse alongside water. Forage quality and form has changed over the years, particularly since haylage entered the market and growers began to focus specifically on equine. The traditional diet of hay and oats, perhaps combined with mash as needed, provided a significantly different dietary intake to that now seen for horses fed a high-grade haylage and fortified complete feed. 

Traditional Diet

• 7kg Oats

• 1kg Mash – comprised of bran, barley, linseed and epsom salt

• 0.5kg Chaff

• Hay 6% protein consumed at 1% of bodyweight

Modern Diet – medium-grade haylage

• 8kg Generic Racing Mix 

• 0.5kg Alfalfa Chaff

• 60ml Linseed Oil

• 60g Salt

• Haylage 10% protein consumed at 1% of bodyweight

Modern Diet – high-grade haylage

• 8kg Generic Racing Mix 

• 0.5kg Alfalfa Chaff

• 60ml Linseed Oil

• 60g Salt

• Haylage 13% protein consumed at 1% of bodyweight

Oats field

The traditional example diet of straights with bran and hay easily met and exceed the required amount of protein providing 138 % equirement. When looking at the diet as a whole, the total protein content of the diet inclusive of forage equates to 9.7%. In comparison, the modern feeding example using a high-grade haylage produces a total diet protein content equivalent to 13.5%. The additional protein—while beneficial to development, muscle recovery and immune support—can become excessive. High intakes of protein against actual need have been noted to affect acid base balance of the blood, effectively lowering blood pH.1 Modern feeds for racing typically contain 13-14% protein, which complement forages of a basic to medium-grade protein content very well; however, when using a high-grade forage, a lower protein feed may be of benefit. Many brands now provide feeds fortified with vitamins and minerals designed for racing but with a lower protein content. 

While the traditional straight-based feeding could easily meet energy and protein requirements, it had many short-falls relating to calcium and phosphorus balance, overall dietary mineral intake and vitamin intake. Modern feeds correct for imbalances and ensure consistent provision of a higher level of nutrition, helping to counterbalance any variation seen within forage. While forage protein content has changed, the mineral profile and its natural variability has not. 

Another point of difference against modern feeds is the starch content. In the example diet, the “bucket feed” is 39% starch—a value that exceeds most modern racing feeds. Had cracked corn been added or a higher inclusion of boiled barley been present, this level would have increased further. Racing feeds today provided a wide range of starch levels ranging from 10% up to the mid-thirties, with feeds in the “middle range” of 18-25% becoming increasingly popular. There are many advantages to balancing starch with other energy sources including gut health, temperament and reducing the risk of tying-up. 

The horse with a digestive anatomy designed for forages has limitations as to how much starch can be effectively processed in the small intestine, where it contributes directly to glucose levels. Undigested starch that moves into the hindgut is a key factor in acidosis and while still digested, the pathway is more complex and not as beneficial as when digested in the small intestine. Through regulating starch intake in feeds, the body can operate more effectively, and energy provided through fibrous sources ensures adequate energy intake for the work required.

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