Innovation motivates Paul & Oliver Cole - the ‘joint masters’ of Whatcombe

By Alysen Miller

“All happy families are alike,” as the saying goes. When Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy wrote these words in 1877, Queen Victoria was on the throne, Alexander Graham Bell was installing the world's first commercial telephone service in Ontario, Canada, and Silvio had just won the Derby under Fred Archer. But it would be another 143 years before the British Horseracing Authority gave formal recognition to the outsize role of harmonious familial relationships in training racehorses. Now, thanks to a new initiative introduced in 2020, the father-and-son team of Paul and Oliver Cole can finally enjoy equal billing at the top of the training ticket as one of the first partnerships to train under a joint licence in the UK.

It’s a formula that paid immediate dividends as the Coles became the first joint-licence holders to register a win in the UK when the striking grey Valpolicella vanquished her rivals on her debut in June 2020. They followed that up a fortnight later with a winner at Royal Ascot, courtesy of stable stalwart Highland Chief. They also enjoyed handicap success in the Cambridgeshire—traditionally one of the most competitive handicaps of the year—with Majestic Dawn. “The most exciting thing was getting that first winner,” says Oliver Cole, speaking from the family’s Oxfordshire base. “I like to point out that it was a very old owner, Christopher Wright, who happened to be the owner that day. He’s been a great friend and was very supportive of me taking up the joint licence.”

The move by the BHA to accept joint licence applications, mirroring a successful scheme introduced in Australia several years ago, can be seen as part of a gradual breaking down of the barriers to entry to a career that has often been perceived as the preserve of a handful of a select few, often independently wealthy individuals.

“First of all, women couldn’t have a licence. And then you couldn’t have a joint licence. All sorts of restrictions have eased off,” says Cole père. Paul Cole is, of course, one of Britain’s most successful trainers, with multiple Classic and Royal Ascot winners to his name. For his son Oliver, the fruits of this success meant growing up within the rarefied atmosphere of a top-class racing operation. “My earliest memories are from eight upwards. I was spoiled in that Dad was quite successful at that stage; and for the next 15 to 20 years, he was top of his game. It was great fun. There was a lot of action—a great atmosphere.”

“It’s a glamorous business and the people in it are glamourous,” says Paul, modestly. “They’re just looking for a little bit more out of life than a lot of other people are. It’s exciting.” Mingling with owners and going on international trips was part and parcel of this upbringing (missing school to attend the Melbourne Cup was a particular highlight). So was it any surprise that Oliver chose to follow in his father’s footsteps? “What else would I do?” he shrugs. “That was the thing I was interested in. The thrill and the buzz are huge.”

“It’s a natural progression,” agrees Paul. “Some people might want to be a surgeon, or a pilot, or something like that. But if you’ve got a father that’s already got a set-up, you’re more likely to follow your family into what you know. You’ve already got all the connections in the business. And connections are important.”

Oliver is Paul’s middle son. The eldest, Alexander, initially showed no interest in racing but now manages Jim and Fitri Hay’s racing operations. The youngest, Mark, is a gamer. But it was Oliver who always seemed destined to follow his father into the game.

It’s certainly not hard to understand the lure of the training life for Cole, particularly on a crisp morning in March when the spring sun is stippling the trees, and every blade of grass on their 450-acre property seems bathed in a vernal glow. From this base at the historic Whatcombe estate, nestled in the idyllic Oxfordshire countryside and criss-crossed with private gallops in a variety of surfaces, Paul and Oliver currently oversee a boutique selection of some 40-50 racehorses for a number of high-profile owners, although there is stabling for up to 120. The property has been in the family since 1986, having previously been in the hands of fellow Classic-winning trainers Dick Dawson and Arthur Budgett. If one looks with careful eyes as the sun rises over the Lambourn Valley below, one can almost imagine that little has changed since the Late Roman period, when the land was cultivated for farming. If this ancient history feels close to the surface, signs of the more recent past are also in evidence: Visitors to the yard are greeted by a statue of Snurge, the first horse to win more than £1 million in prize money; while the stabling is presided over by the great Generous—the last of six Derby winners to be sent out by Paul in 1991.

Such a lifestyle was never a given. “I started with nothing,” explains Paul. “Which is not a disadvantage. It’s an advantage. It instils in you that you want to get on in life, and you know how hard it is to get on, and therefore you make just that bit more effort all the time.” It was a desire to provide for his future family that inspired Paul’s single-minded focus in the early years of his career. “If you want to get married and have children, and give the children holidays, and perhaps send them to school, it takes a long time to get your feet on the ground. But it’s something that you know you have to do. I was brought up with the normal insecurities that families have. I like to think I brought my children up with total security. They never needed to worry about where the next meal was coming from. And now, as you can see, we’ve got a wonderful training establishment. It would be difficult to better it.”

Oliver is the first to admit that he is lucky. But he is certainly not alone. The reality is that without family backing, the potential avenues for younger trainers coming into the sport would be considerably fewer. Paul rejects the idea that only those born into racing families have a pathway to a career in training: “There’s no set route to come in. Mick Channon made a few quid playing football—not as much as they make now! So he started [via] that route. People come in from all sorts of different ways. You’ve got to want to do it, of course.” However, he acknowledges the advantages inherent in having a Classic-winning trainer for a father: “If Oliver wanted to go training, he’s got to start from scratch somewhere,” explains Paul. “That’s another yard, accommodation, gallops. There are lots of worries, lots of snags, lots of hurdles. This way, he hasn’t got to get out and prove himself or be compared with me.”

“I think it’s very difficult for some of these young people,” agrees Oliver. “It’s not just the training. The pressures that go with it must be immense. One of the best things about working together is that I’ve got someone to fall back on in case the pressures get too much.” 

In many ways, the introduction of joint licensing has merely formalised a practice that has been in existence for as long as racehorses have been trained, whereby sons and, especially, wives serve as de facto co-trainers to their parents or spouses, though often with little or no recognition. Tellingly, among the first to snap up the new joint licence, along with the Coles, were Simon Crisford and his son Ed, and husband-and-wife team Daniel and Claire Kübler, while five-time champion trainer John Gosden and his son Thady are expecting the ink be dry on their new, joint licence in time for the start of season. . “It did need recognising that there are other people seriously involved in the success [of a training yard], says Paul.”

“My mother is a big help around here,” acknowledges Oliver, as the family matriarch wrangles his two daughters in the next room.

Was that the motivation for taking out a joint licence? “You can’t carry on being an assistant forever,” explains Oliver. “You’ve got to make a name for yourself and if it happens that, in the future, I have to go out on my own one day, people will know that I’ve done it.”

Adding Oliver’s name to the licence has also allowed the Coles to expand their pool of potential owners. “Lots of young people wouldn’t want to have a horse with me, but they want to have a horse with Oliver,” says Paul. Of particular benefit during lockdown has been Oliver’s innate generational facility with social media. Owners who have not been able to visit their horses have been provided with GoPro footage of their gallops once a week, shot from a moving quad bike by Oliver. “I think one of the biggest positives from lockdown is that we had a lot of time to work out the GoPro stuff,” he says. He has also invested in a drone in order to shoot sweeping, Francis Ford Coppola-esque aerials of the property, which he proudly shows off on his phone.

Another consequence of lockdown for yards up and down the country is that the stable staff have had to form their own support bubble. Many of them have not seen their families for the best part of a year. How do the Coles keep morale up? “We have a great community of staff here. They tend to stay here for quite a while, and I suppose it’s just a question of keeping them happy. We all like the ethos of a fun place with happy horses,” says Oliver. “And we are a smaller yard, which helps. We have some great people out there, some quite funny ones. They’re friends. You go out there and you can have a laugh. We have a WhatsApp group that all the staff are on and we always talk to each other on that, whether it’s ‘Well done with the winners,’ or, ‘Amelia, you rode really well this morning.’ It’s a really good tool.

Spring is the time for making plans. As the Coles look ahead to the coming season and beyond, they both agree the main effort is to ensure that the business will continue to provide for the next generation. “We’ve just got to get through the next couple of years before we make any big decisions, but our main aim is to fill the yard,” says Oliver.

“This is a big place to run. And if you haven’t got a certain amount of horses, it’s quite a struggle,” agrees Paul. “There’s a lot of finance that goes behind keeping it going. You’ve got to think about that as well. We have diversified a little bit.” (In addition to the main yard, there is a stud division and some rental properties.)

For the time being, the two seem more than happy to continue to work together as a team, with no signs of handing over the reins in prospect just yet. “We got off to an amazing start last year. We were lucky with some very good horses, and long may it continue,” says Oliver.

At this, Paul sits back in his chair and permits himself a satisfied smile. “Despite the hard work and uncertainty, the first 20 years of my career and life were fantastic. Nice people, nice places, nice things. The owners were nice, the horses worked out. So no complaints!” He grins. “Everything’s gone slightly to plan.” 

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TopSpec Trainer of the Quarter - Henry de Bromhead

By Lissa Oliver

At what could be described as the only Irish race meeting held in Britain, where 23 of the 28 Cheltenham Festival races fell to Irish trainers, one Irish trainer in particular led the way. County Waterford-based Henry de Bromhead became the first trainer to achieve the historic feat of winning the Champion Hurdle, Queen Mother Champion Chase and the Gold Cup in the same year.

Add to those the Triumph Hurdle, Mares’ Novices’ Hurdle and the Ballymore Novices’ Hurdle, and it’s little wonder de Bromhead is now looking forward to ‘catching his breath’ while quarantining back home in Ireland.

The amazing week began for the Knockeen team on day one of the Festival, when Honeysuckle powered away under Rachael Blackmore to land the Unibet Champion Hurdle. De Bromhead says of the mare, ‘She’s pretty laid back. She’s really straightforward; she likes her routine, and she’s lovely to have around the place.’

Having watched her success from the track, de Bromhead claimed it as his lucky spot and so it proved—cheering home two more winners on the Wednesday that Bob Olinger got the day’s Gr1 tally started in the Ballymore Novices’ Hurdle, under jockey of the moment Rachael Blackmore. Then de Bromhead became the first trainer to send out a mare to win the Betway Queen Mother Champion Chase, with Put The Kettle On, under Aidan Coleman.

‘We are very lucky to have good mares like them,’ de Bromhead says, ‘and getting tremendous support from our owners. I thought she had a chance, but on ratings I thought she might struggle a bit; but I hoped she would have a squeak.’

The fairer sex again came up trumps for de Bromhead on the Thursday, Telmesomethinggirl, Rachael Blackmore up, leading home stablemate Magic Daze in the Grade 2 Mares’ Novices' Hurdle to give the stable a one-two. De Bromhead said on the day, ‘I’m delighted for Rachael. She is such a good rider and an ultimate professional, and she is brilliant to work with. She earns everything she gets.’

With the week just getting better and better, Quilixios became the fifth winner for the Knockeen team and the fourth Gr1 winner in the JCB Triumph Hurdle, again under Blackmore. ‘He jumped well and did everything right, de Bromhead enthused. ‘I'm delighted for the Thompsons and Cheveley Park—they're great supporters of ours. Rachael was brilliant on him and all credit to Gordon Elliott and his team—the horse looked amazing coming down to us, and we've done very little. It's more down to them than us. He's just a lovely horse to do anything with. He'll be a lovely chaser in time, I'd say.’

Then came the grand finale—the WellChild Cheltenham Gold Cup, and another de Bromhead one-two. Minella Indo and young Jack Kennedy led home stablemate A Plus Tard and to complete an historic hat-trick. ‘It's massive,’ de Bromhead told the press. ‘I can't tell you what it means to win it, or just to win any of these races. I feel like I'm going to wake up and it will be Monday evening! To do this is a credit to everyone that's working with us; we couldn't do any of it without our clients supporting us. They give us the opportunity to buy these good horses, and I just feel extremely lucky.

‘We felt we had the team exactly where we wanted them heading over to Cheltenham, but I've thought that in other years, too, when we haven't done so well. I wasn't confident about any of them winning. They all seemed okay and happy in themselves, and I was just hoping that they would be able to do themselves justice. 

‘The whole week was just surreal from start to finish, from Honeysuckle to the Gold Cup and everything in between. It's magic, and I don't think it's going to sink in fully for quite some time. It's the stuff you dream about.’

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Why are gastric ulcers still a significant concern for horses in training?

By Catherine Rudenko

With the advances in scoping and increased awareness of gastric ulcers, along with the high prevalence found in horses in training, one may wonder, Why is this condition still such a problem? Do we not know enough to prevent this condition from recurring?

The short answer is that much is known, and for certain, there are effective medications and many feeds and supplements designed to manage the condition. The underlying problem is that the factors leading to ulceration, at least the most significant ones, are fundamental to the routine and management of a horse in training. Quite simply, the environment and exercise required are conducive to development of ulcers. Horses in training will always be at risk from this condition, and it is important to manage our expectation of how much influence we can have on ulcers developing, and our ability to prevent recurrence.

Clarifying Gastric Ulceration

Before considering how and why ulcers are a recurrent problem, it is helpful to understand the different types of gastric ulceration as the term most commonly used, Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS), is an umbrella term which represents two distinct conditions.

The term EGUS came into use in 1999 and represented ulceration of the two separate locations in the stomach where ulcers are found: the squamous and glandular regions. The two regions are functionally different, and ulceration in either location has different causative factors. This is important when considering what can be managed from a risk point of view at a racing yard. The term EGUS is now split into two categories: Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD) and Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD).

ESGD is the most commonly occurring form and the focus of dietary and management interventions. The majority of horses in training have the primary form of ESGD where the stomach functions normally. There is a secondary form that relates to a physical abnormality which causes delayed emptying of the stomach.

The condition ESGD is influenced by the training environment and time spent in training as noted by researchers looking at prevalence of horses out of training compared to those within training. In this case, 37% of untrained thoroughbred racehorses had ESGD and this progressed to 80-100% of horses within two to three months of training. This effect is not unique to thoroughbreds and is seen in other breeds with an ‘active workload’; for example, standardbreds progress from an average of 44% ESGD in the population to 87% when in training. Such research is helpful in understanding two things: firstly, that ulcers in the squamous section can occur outside of training, and that the influence of exercise and dietary changes have a significant effect regardless of breed. Even horses in the leisure category, which are thought of as low risk or at almost no risk at all, can return surprising results in terms of prevalence.

Risk Factors

There are multiple risk factors associated with development of ESGD, some of which are better evidenced than others, and some of which are more influential. These include:

• Pasture turnout

• Having a diet high in fibre/provision of ‘free choice’ fibre

• Choice of alfalfa over other forages

• Provision of straw as the only forage source

• Restricted access to water

• Exceeding 2g of starch per kilogram of body weight

• Greater than 6 hours between meals (forage/feed)

• Frequency and intensity of exercise

• Duration of time spent in a stabled environment combined with exercise

Of these factors, the stabled environment—which influences feeding behaviour—and exercise are the most significant factors. The influence of diet in the unexercised horse can be significant, however once removed from pasture, and a training program is entered into, ulceration will occur as these factors are more dominant. An Australian study of horses in training noted the effect of time spent in training, with an increase in risk factor of 1.7 fold for every week spent in training.

Once in training, there is some debate as to whether provision of pasture, either alone or in company, has a significant effect. …

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Inexplicable underperformance: investigate it with the ECG analysis

In association with Arioneo

Providing veterinarians with a real diagnostic challenge, underperformance in the racehorse can be difficult to investigate if the horse’s environment does not benefit from reliable technologies to collect historical data. Indeed, it is difficult to determine the cause of underperformance without almost daily monitoring. The symptoms to be identified are most often subclinical, i.e. they are difficult to detect at rest and during effort.  The detection of under-performing horses within the racing industry is a real challenge. Carrying out prevention and detection work could in fact make it possible to avoid serious accidents in training or on the racecourse.

In order to detect the elements influencing the performance of the athletic horse, it is interesting to analyse  evolution during an exercise because things that do not occur at rest can appear.

In a series of two articles, we will analyse two cases of underperformance encountered by the leading vet,  Dr Emmanuelle van Erck.

In the first case we investigate the loss of performance of a 3-year-old filly. The latter had promising performances during her 2-year-old season and then injured her tendon. The trainer decided to stop her until next season. Once prepared for the return to training, the mare showed good abilities and her return was very satisfying. However, a nosebleed was detected after a small canter. The tracks were not particularly deep and there were no circumstances that could explain this bleeding.

In order to investigate the causes of this bleed, the first step was to analyse the data from the mare when she presented her nose bleed. 

Screenshots of the EQUIMETRE Platform

It can be seen that the speed data are low: the effort does not go beyond 47km/h. The effort was of low intensity, but the heart rate is still very high, up to 217 bpm.

It was necessary to analyse the data from a more sustained training session in order to observe what is happening.

The data is normal: the heart rate changes at the same time as the speed. 

The veterinarian decided to compare the horse’s data with those of the other horses, who have done similar work. The data does not show any recovery anomalies, the two curves that are superimposed do not show any significant difference. Her heart rate is a little high after the effort, but nothing catastrophic is observed.

1st conclusion: There is no explanation for the nosebleed in the data.

The veterinarian then decides to look at the ECG of this mare. The latter is pathological and shows 8 superventricular extrasystoles in 1 minute. This is far too frequent, especially in the warm-up and recovery phase.

ECG collected by the EQUIMETRE. Arrows show the arrhythmias.

2nd conclusion: The mare has relatively correct parameters. However, arrhythmias during effort are detected. They lead to the bleeding because the mare is in hyper-tension at the pulmonary level each time, she has an arrhythmia. During an arrhythmia, the heart skips a beat: whereas it should have beaten and expelled blood, the heart continues to fill up until the next beat, where it expels a large amount of blood, which puts too much pressure on the delicate blood vessels in the lungs and causes them to burst, resulting in bleeding.

It is therefore necessary to investigate bleeding during the effort. To do this, the veterinarian has performed a bronco-alveolar lavage. That is to say, he took cells from the lungs to analyse them under a microscope. The examination revealed regular bleeding in the lungs. Although she only had a nosebleed once, there was a bleeding in the lungs at each training session. The veterinarian must then understand the reason for this bleeding.

As the mare has no underlying heart problem (no heart murmur, no heart abnormalities and a normal heart morphology), the vet decides to examine the tendon. It is noticed that the tendon is abnormally scarred. This induces stress on the tendon which triggers pain manifested by extrasystoles visible on the ECG. When the mare is working under anti-inflammatory medication, she has less extrasystole, but this is not possible during the race. The pain explains the arrythmias that cause the bleeding. 

It is necessary to follow the mare over time in order to evaluate her pain tolerance by means of ECGs. Without reducing the arrhythmias, it is not recommended to put her back into intense training. If she is engaged in racing, she risks having irreversible lesions in her tendon as well as more severe bleedings.

Technology at the service of the performance and well-being of the equine athlete

The role of new technologies today is to make the link between veterinarians and trainers. It is impossible for the veterinarian to be present every day at training. Thus, thanks to monitoring, the vet can carry out preventive work at a distance by following indicators from the computer. If the trainer detects an alarming sign, they can talk to their veterinarian about it and show the vet the data history. These connected systems improve the monitoring of horses and the connection between the different members of their entourage.

Human athletes all benefit from these technologies to protect them on a daily basis while maximising their chances of performing. The racing world in turn, has the opportunity to protect its athletes!

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A handicap or a benefit? Is the European handicapping system fit for purpose?

By Lissa Oliver

Contrary to the populist view that horseracing is elitist, it is actually one of the few sports built upon equality. Fillies can race against colts, women can compete against men. We even have a handicap system designed to ensure a level playing field for all, providing an equal chance for the horse of little ability competing against the horse of greater ability. All is fair in love, war and on the racecourse.

Except… When did you last see a 10-way dead-heat? Even outside of the handicap system, in the truly level competition of a Gp1, the weak receive an allowance against the strong. The elders are penalised to assist their youngers. The fillies are compensated against the colts. Inexperienced jockeys receive allowances based upon, not exactly experience, but wins. In some jurisdictions, women riders receive weight allowances, too.

It might be equal, although results usually prove otherwise; but is it fair? Racing is the only sport in which winners are penalised and losers are rewarded. Is it any wonder another populist view of racing is one of deceit and cheating?

“Are the jockey clubs looking for equality or equity?” asks renowned handicap expert Mark Cramer. “There's a difference. I think it's a noble effort to have some sort of handicap system, but I'm not sure how equitable it is.”

Cramer is the author of “Thoroughbred Cycles – How The Form Factor Affects Handicapping,” which is considered the definitive work on the subject of thoroughbred form in the USA. “The system makes it that races labelled as handicaps are the hardest to decipher for the studious horseplayer. Furthermore, the whole weight factor may be overrated. A horse carrying two pounds extra is like me running with an envelope in my back pocket,” he points out. “The handicap system favours one type of horse, for example in the Arc, it's the three-year-olds who get a weight edge. I think the harness race industry does a better job with handicaps, simply making a high earner who's above the earnings limit start the race 25 metres behind the field.”

An earnings-based system rather than one based simply on wins alone is a suggestion put forward by more than one industry expert, but the current system of handicapping has been in place for 170 years, introduced by Admiral Rous in 1851. Rous was appointed the first official handicapper in Britain in 1855 and devised the Weight-For-Age scale, which in theory should afford horses of different ages an equal chance of winning.

Tellingly, it says a lot about our sport that he is still remembered anecdotally for the remark, “I have just gone through the next race and have discovered that I have handicapped each horse so well that not one of them can possibly win.”

We could argue that if it isn’t broken, why fix it? Certainly, many trainers have no issue with the system, other than its interpretation by the various official handicappers in relation to their own horse.

“There has to be a process in place, and if we didn’t have handicaps, a lot of horses couldn’t compete and would fall out of training,” says Michael Grassick, CEO Irish Racehorse Trainers Association (IRTA). “I personally believe that handicaps serve a purpose. Many do feel that in Ireland the handicapper is too severe. After a period of time horses will run to a certain rating and when they go above that rating, they will no longer be as competitive until returning to that rating. The Irish handicapper is felt to be very slow in moving a horse who has gone up through the handicap back down the ratings; we feel that in the UK horses are lowered a bit quicker. While in the lower grades of 45-60, the horses seem to drop quite quickly and drop through the floor and out of the system.

“I always feel the system is unfair on a horse who has run and placed,” Grassick observes. “The horse goes up two pounds, runs again and gets placed second again and goes up another two pounds. That horse will find it extremely hard to win and is not being rewarded for consistency. Personally, I don’t think a horse should be put up in the handicap until it has won.”

Grassick makes a valid point, underlined by the research and figures gathered by owner John Dance, an investment manager and CEO of stockbroker company Vertem, based on every Flat horse in Britain with an official rating. In March 2019, Dance tweeted his findings that 2.6% of Flat horses were Class 1; 5% were Class 2; 9.5% were Class 3; 16.6% were Class 4; 20.7% were Class 5; and 45.6% were Class 6 or lower. 83% of Flat horses, he noted, were Class 4 or lower.

Recently retired trainer Milton Bradley.

Recently, trainer Milton Bradley retired after a career of more than 50 years. He cited the growing lack of opportunities for the lower-rated horse in his decision to finally retire, saying, “The current state of the sport is making me feel despondent when it comes to horses being allowed to race and the cost of participating in the sport. Handicappers haven't been giving opportunities to lower-rated horses in weeks. It's frustrating to see people buying horses for over £100,000 only to compete for £2,000 prizes because that's all they qualify for. It's a sad day. I didn’t want to give up, but there’s no future in racing the way it is.”

Even if we agree with the system in place, the given ratings—based on the personal opinion of the handicapper—are often going to be contentious. Retired UK trainer Bill O’Gorman explains, “Handicaps are a reasonable way of ensuring competition between ordinary horses, much as in golf. As in golf, there needs to be a degree of trust. The most obvious solution is to award a rating only upon quantifiable form rather than upon the lack of it.

“The system that we had for nurseries should be revived for all handicaps; only those with a first four placing should be eligible. To get away from the prevailing culture of ‘defensive’ non-triers, I have suggested that maiden races ought to be streamed by valuation. Provincial maidens ought to be restricted to horses bought below the yearling median, to horses of any yearling price or to homebreds of any pedigree entered to be claimed for that amount. With that done, horses that are incapable of placing in a restricted maiden should not have a lucrative career in handicaps gifted to them.”

Like many, O’Gorman believes there are too many handicaps, and they should revert to 45% of all UK races from the present high of 65%. “They ought to be partly replaced with condition races, like the time-limited maiden-at-closing of old. Optional claiming races ought to be introduced so that horses whose connections feel them to be badly handicapped can face an easier task and be instantly re-assessed on one run, as long as they risk being claimed for the deemed value of horses eligible under the race conditions.

“For example, running in a race of level weights for horses rated 75 or less, or of any rating entered to be claimed for the last horses-in-training sales average for a 75-rated horse, would get a 90 horse dropped to 75—unless he won easily, in which case he’d be claimed anyway! If expensive horses were ineligible for every maiden, there would be less runners trying not to finish close up.”

O’Gorman also believes giving potentially top class horses the option of going into the handicap system as All-Weather winners is ludicrous. “The heritage handicaps have too much money and take horses away from the Pattern. If heritage handicaps were restricted to horses that have, say, run six times at entry they would not be such an attractive easy benefit for big stables,” he argues. “Tightening up the system would be universally unpopular in the same way that the 11-plus exam or reducing social security would be. Everyone likes a bad system as long as they can milk it; and it only creates underachievers—equine and human.”

Whether for or against the existing handicap system, there is a prevailing preference among industry professionals for alternative options, including those suggested by Cramer and O’Gorman. Paddock judge and racing historian Peter Corbett is unequivocal on the subject: “The handicapping system operating in Great Britain is not fit for purpose.”

He muses, “It seems incredible that nearly 200 years later racing in Britain still uses this method. One myth is that it is designed to give each horse in the race an equal chance. This is self-evidently not the case. The idea that any individual, or collections of individuals, however learned in the art of handicapping horses, can do so and equal the chances of all the runners in a race is ridiculous.

“Another rather silly expression when at the finish of a handicap, half a dozen runners are close together is to say ‘that was a triumph for the handicapper’. Rubbish! That was simply happenstance; if the race were to be run a couple of weeks later under the same conditions, the result would probably be completely different. Some trainers and owners are certain that the system is designed to prevent progressive horses from winning.

“Some horses can become almost valueless because they are euphemistically described as ‘in the grip of the handicapper’. I have never read or heard anyone prominent in racing describe this situation as ridiculous, which it surely is.”

A horse badly handicapped after its first couple of runs and allotted too high a mark can indeed have its chances of winning a handicap for the foreseeable future severely compromised. Corbett reminds us, “On the Flat, horses that are good enough to compete in Pattern races may never run in a handicap, and any handicap mark is likely to be irrelevant. However, for those horses that are below this level, the mark it is allotted will dictate its future career. …

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What’s that noise? An overview of exercise-induced upper airway disorders

By Kate Allen and Geoffrey Lane

The majority of upper airway (‘wind’) disorders affect the regions of the pharynx and larynx. Most of these conditions are only present during exercise, when the upper airway is exposed to large changes in pressures associated with increased breathing rate and effort. This is the reason why performing endoscopy at rest may not give an accurate diagnosis. Endoscopy during strenuous exercise (overground endoscopy) has become key for veterinary surgeons to be able to give an accurate interpretation of upper airway function.

There are many different forms of upper airway disorders. They occur when part of the pharynx or larynx collapses into the airway, causing an obstruction to airflow. This obstruction causes turbulence to airflow, which in turn creates the abnormal noise. Observations of upper airway function during exercise enable veterinary surgeons to estimate the impact of the abnormalities with respect to race performance. Generally speaking, the more the structure collapses and the more the airway is narrowed, the greater the detrimental effect to performance. The mechanisms by which upper airway disorders affect performance are surprisingly complex, but in brief they influence the amount of air the horse can breathe in and also how hard the horse has to work to get that air into the lungs.

A full understanding of an individual horse’s upper airway function allows targeted treatments to be performed. Although the more common treatments have been included here for completeness, it is important for you to discuss individual horses with your own veterinary surgeon.

Understanding the anatomy is the first step to interpreting upper airway function during exercise. When looking at an endoscopic image, the left side of the horse is on the right side of the image as we look at it, and vice versa (figure 1).

With good upper airway function, we are looking for full abduction (which means opening) of the arytenoid cartilages while the vocal cords and aryepiglottic folds remain stable, and the epiglottis retains a curved shape; the soft palate and pharyngeal walls also remain stable. This gives a wide opening called the rima glottidis for air to enter the lungs (Figure 2 a, b, c).

Palatal instability and dorsal displacement of the soft palate

In the normal horse, the soft palate is positioned beneath the epiglottis. Palatal instability comprises billowing movement of the soft palate and often coincides with flattening of the shape of the epiglottis. The appearance of palatal instability can differ between horses (Figure 3 a, b, c). Palatal instability often causes an inspiratory noise.

Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) occurs when the free border of the soft palate becomes displaced and comes to lie above the epiglottis (Figure 4 a, b, c). In this displaced position, there is a substantial obstruction of the rima glottidis. Sudden onset ‘gurgling’ expiratory noises are characteristic of DDSP. Palatal instability almost invariably precedes DDSP, and it is thought these conditions may arise through weakness of the muscles within the palate itself.

Thus, in younger racehorses, palatal instability and DDSP will often improve with fitness and maturity. In the UK, the two most commonly performed surgical treatments are soft palate cautery and laryngeal tie-forward. The purpose of the soft palate cautery is to induce scar tissue to tighten the soft palate. The tie-forward has a different rationale. In some horses, the larynx slips backward just prior to DDSP, therefore the tie-forward holds the larynx in a more forward position, thereby inhibiting displacement.

Arytenoid cartilage collapse

This condition is also called recurrent laryngeal neuropathy, laryngeal hemiplegia or laryngeal paralysis because it is caused by nerve damage to the muscles of the larynx. During exercise, we observe collapse of the arytenoid cartilage almost always on the left side. …

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Stables vices - are they behaviours or a product of their environment?

By Georgie White

We often see the word vice used in the equestrian world to describe an undesirable behavior completed by a horse; these are often repetitive behaviors completed either at certain times of the day, prior to or following a particular event or activity which causes the horse stress for whatever reason. When we look to the dictionary definition of a vice, the words “immoral,” “corrupt” and “wicked” are synonymous; but these are all words used to describe premeditated or deliberate acts of wrongdoing.

When we consider that these are horses we are talking about, they simply do not have the cognitive ability to do this. As humans, we tend to over complicate and anthropomorphize animal behavior, likening it to our own and thus presuming horses complete these behaviors for far more complex reasons. Recently the term vice has been replaced with a more correct term: “stereotypical behaviors” or “stereotypies,” which encompasses any behavior deemed to deviate from normal behavior and has resulted from the horse coping with a challenge or stress.

On the surface, the behaviors appear apparently functionless, but when understood as a coping mechanism rather than a premeditated misdeed, we can begin to understand what that behavior serves the horse, if only temporarily.

• What is stress?

Stress is the body’s response to a potentially threatening situation and is experienced by humans and animals alike and even serves as a function to keep the animal alive. Presence of a short-term stressor such as a predator serves to kick-start the fight or flight response, which is part of the acute stress response.

Stress can be divided into two subtypes: acute and chronic, which are dealt with by the body very differently. They also result in several different physiological adaptations that are notable when discussing stereotypical behaviour. Acute stress refers to a short event or episode that causes a temporary increase in heart rate, respiratory rate, salivary cortisol levels, increased blood pressure and muscle tension. In relatively healthy animals, once the stressful event has passed, these body parameters will return to a base-line normal. These short episodes are not always necessarily bad and can help a horse learn and adapt to their environment. As horse handlers, we also know we can help a horse habituate to a common stressor by regularly introducing them to it and giving them a positive experience. Over time, their stress response will become less severe, and thus they will learn to cope with it reoccurring. Chronic stress refers to emotional pressure suffered for a prolonged period of time, which an individual perceives to have little to no control of—the latter part being key in horses.

Oral stereotypies include crib biting, wind sucking and wood chewing; there is varied opinion suggesting these behaviours may provide temporary alleviation of stomach discomfort.

Stereotypical behaviours will often occur during times where horses cannot control their environment. Stabled horses are most likely to display stereotypical behaviours because they are often in a situation when they cannot immediately change their environment or remove themselves from a particular stressor.

Symptoms of chronic stress include weight loss, decreased appetite, negative demeanor or aggressive tendencies. Horses suffering from chronic stress sometimes go unnoticed because the signs are more subtle; there is no pounding heart rate, sweating, increased breathing rate or more obvious cues that handlers may associate with a typically stressed horse. The other problem is that stereotypical behaviours can go ignored or become ‘just something they do.’ There is a common link between horses who display stereotypical behaviours and those diagnosed with gastric ulcers as both are closely related to chronic stress. There is debate over cause and effect, whether the horse performs these behaviours in an attempt to ease the discomfort of gastric ulcers or if those performing stereotypies are chronically stressed and at higher risk of developing gastric ulcers.

• Stereotypical behaviours

There are several common stereotypical behaviours seen in domesticated horses, and they can be divided into two simple categories: oral and locomotor. Oral stereotypies include crib biting, wind sucking and wood chewing; there is varied opinion suggesting these behaviours may provide temporary alleviation of stomach discomfort, but this is a question for cause and effect. Locomotor stereotypies include weaving, box/fence walking and door kicking. These behaviours expend a lot of energy, especially if the horse devotes a significant amount of time to this behaviour and as a result, the horse can be prone to losing or maintaining condition.

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Reducing the pressure - Scientists discover performance benefits of relieving five key pressure points under tack

By Dr Russell Mackechnie-Guire

Scientists discover performance benefits of relieving five key pressure points under tack

Recent scientific studies reveal how using new designs of saddle, pad, girth and bridle can significantly benefit the locomotion of the galloping racehorse

Researchers detected peak pressures under commonly used tack that were of a magnitude high enough to cause pain and tissue damage. When horses have to manage this type of discomfort on a daily basis, they develop a locomotor compensatory strategy. Over time, this can lead to tension and restriction that inevitably affects performance. Physio interventions will usually ease the symptoms of tightness and soreness and, after a period of rest, performance may be restored and improved. However, this costly course of action only addresses the secondary problem. If the primary cause is still apparent—in this case pressure from badly designed or ill-fitting tack—the compensatory gait strategy will be adopted again, the tension will return, and the cycle will repeat.

Reducing the pressure that forces a horse to adopt a compensatory gait will not only improve performance, but it will also help prevent further issues which could have veterinary implications and reduce susceptibility to injury in the long term.

Saddle up

When scientists tested the three most commonly used exercise saddles, they discovered every saddle in the test impinged on the area around the 10th-13th thoracic vertebrae (T10-T13)—a region at the base of the wither where there is concentrated muscle activity related to locomotion and posture. The longissimus dorsi muscle is directly involved in the control and stabilisation of dynamic spinal movement and it is most active at T12 (see fig 1).

Dynamic stability is the combination of strength and suppleness—not to be confused with stiffness—and is essential for the galloping thoroughbred. The horse’s back moves in three planes: flexion-extension, lateral bending and axial rotation—all of which can be compromised by high pressures under the saddle (see fig 7).

Studies in sport horses have shown that saddles which restrict this zone around T13 restrict muscle development and negatively influence gait. This effect is amplified in a racehorse because they train at higher speeds, and faster speeds are associated with higher forces and pressures. In addition, gallop requires significant flexion and extension of the horse’s spine; and if this is compromised by saddle design, it seems logical there will be an effect on the locomotor apparatus.

Tree length

In addition, half-tree and full-tree saddles were shown to cause pressure where the end of the tree makes contact with the horse’s back during spinal extension at gallop. In the three-quarter-tree, high pressure peaks were seen every stride and either side of the spine, correlating with the horse’s gallop lead; this indicated that the saddle was unstable at speed (see fig 1).

Using a modified saddle design to achieve a more symmetrical pressure distribution, researchers saw a positive impact on spinal stability and back muscle activation. The hindlimb was shown to come under the galloping horse’s centre of mass, leading to increased hip flexion, stride length and power. A longer stride length means fewer strides are necessary to cover any given distance; and better stride efficiency brings benefits in terms of the horse’s training potential and susceptibility to injury (see compensatory strategy panel).

Pressure pad

The saddle pad acts as a dampening layer between the horse and the saddle, reducing pressures and absorbing forces. In a pilot study of thoroughbreds galloping at half speed over ground, a medical-grade foam saddle pad was shown to be superior at reducing pressure, significantly outperforming gel and polyfill pads. Preliminary findings show the forces were 75% lower, and peak pressures were 65% lower under the foam pad than those recorded under the gel pad. The polyfill pad reduced the forces and peak pressures by 25% and 44%, respectively, compared to the viscose gel pad.

A pad with a midline ‘seam’ designed to follow the contour of the horse’s back and withers performed best, maintaining position and providing spinal clearance even at speed. Flat pads without any shaping or a central seam were observed to slip down against the spine as the horse moved, even when the pads were pulled up into the saddle channel before setting off. The pressure associated with a pad drawing down on the spine under the saddle will lead to increased muscle tension, reduce elasticity of the back and could potentially alter gait. Relieving pressure at this location improves posture, movement and propulsion.

It might be assumed that using multiple pads under an exercise saddle would improve spinal clearance or comfort. However, based on studies, this is not the case. …

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The rolled toe shoe - Its dynamic effect on the front foot of the horse

By Peter N Baker

The 1980s saw a great leap forwards in farriery awareness and an increased understanding of balance and anatomy. Balance as it is thought of today was not considered in any depth in the 80s. The forces that are transmitted through, around and into the equine foot were only then beginning to be thought about. Little attempt had been made to write or talk about them.

Some years ago, an ongoing study was undertaken of the effect of the rolled toe upon the structure of the equine athlete's foot. Some quite interesting observations were noted and supported by Duckett (Newmarket 2nd International Farriery and Lameness seminar, 15 - 16 September 1990), although a somewhat different interpretation is placed upon their meaning.

Firstly, this study was undertaken in an attempt to find a sequel to the run forwards heel syndrome. At the time, this was a serious problem with high-performance horses.

The author changed his style of shoeing and converted 200 horses in his care to rolled toe front shoes. The response was dramatic. Within a month, the heels of 95 % of the horses’ feet stabilised, and the run forwards heel was no longer seen as a problem. Traditionally defined corns ceased to be present in 100% of the horses, acute angled bar buckles were no longer seen, and the lameness associated with this condition was no longer evident. Linear bruising of the solar junction of the bars completely disappeared and "Baileys dorsal depression" in 95% of the horses so affected went away. The horses were generally sounder, tracked up in a far straighter line, and they undoubtedly began to move more freely. Posterior third lameness became a thing of the past, except in those horses that suffered attributable physical injury, disease to their feet or those suspected of having surgical intervention in their pre-training lives.

The type of rolled toe used was the "Charlie Double" toe, as recommended and demonstrated by Colin Smith, FWCF. The roll is produced by rolling the toe of the shoe over the beck of the anvil. The toes of the first shoes used were rolled to the first toenail hole to the opposing first nail hole on the other side of the shoe. The shoes were made of wide section,

light steel and were fitted long and full at the heels. This type of shoe and toe immediately stabilised the animal’s run-forwards feet.

There were, however, four quite serious complications:

A black spot of necrotic matter formed under the shoe at the centre of the toe in the white zone.

A ridge of solar horn developed, which corresponded with the widest part of the foot. This ridge sometimes bridged the lateral clefts between the frog and the bars.

3. These observations are most probably related to the second complication, but the dorsal wall appeared to shunt backwards and two shallow grooves (Duckett's Dimples) appeared proximo/distally in the dorsal wall—one on either side of the common digital extensor tendon, starting just proximal to its insertion on the extensor process the distal phalanx.

These grooves did not seem to be formed as the horn grew downwards from the coronary band. One must conclude that they formed as a result of horn shunting.

The second and third complications are possibly linked by the fact that the dorsal wall shunts backwards. This dorsal wall shunting descends the wall only as far as the upper solar plate wall junction, as the wall below this point is held in place by the horny sole. Such action causes the distal 3/4 of an inch of the dorsal wall to turn upwards and exaggerate the

formation of the dip in the dorsal wall. The wall expands medially and laterally, and unless care is taken, this bilateral flaring will develop to a point of sole wall cavitation and wall laminae shearing. The minor posterior displacement of the sole causes the ridge and bridging effect previously indicated. It appears the horse's physiology is forming the bridge to stabilise and strengthen the solar plate in an attempt to counteract weakness.

4. Another problem is seen when using this type of shoe on horses with flattish feet, when in order to remove sufficient horn to allow the rolled toe to seat properly, the blood line can easily be breached.

As can be seen from the above, the removal of one set of problems by fitting a rolled toe shoe from first toe nail hole to first toe nail hole was immediately replaced by a second set of problems which were potentially just as injurious as the first.

Four months into the trial, the amount of toe roll used was reduced. The production method remained the same, but the amount rolled was reduced to half. Great care was taken to relieve the pressure on the sole directly behind the centre of the toe.

The complications ceased, and nothing detrimental was seen afterwards. The feet remained stable.

In 1990, a similar trial was carried out by a fellow farrier in my area, with equally dramatic results. Three of the horses in his care won two European Derbys, French and Epsom—the third horse only just got beaten into second place in the Irish Derby by Salsibil—probably the filly of that decade, a Triple Crown winner herself. …

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Whipping up a storm

Jakub Kasprzak (Polish Jockey Club) expresses his opinions - translation: Joanna Krawczyk (Polish Jockey Club)

This time it is Poland that has become an arena for the debate on the use of the whip in horse racing. It all started after the 2020 Derby, when Szczepan Mazur atop the winning colt Night Thunder (IRE) exceeded the limit of six whip strokes on the finishing straight (for which he was punished by the Stewards). The margins between the first three horses at the wire - ‘½ - head’. The owners of the horses that finished in second and third places [Inter Royal Lady (IRE) and Timemaster (FR)] felt cheated. They accused the victorious rider of unfair play and torturing the horse. They lodged a protest to disqualify the winner and to suspend the rider—for life—from race riding.

The Stewards dismissed the protest. However, the matter gained momentum and took on a life of its own. People actively involved in racing, as well as former riders, fans and supporters, all had something to say. Some people expressed their opinions very clearly, stigmatising the situation that took place and spreading information left and right about the ‘bad, bandit behaviour of the rider’, about the fact that ‘money is more important than the welfare of animals’, or about the ‘lack of reaction from the Racing Commission, organiser and racing authorities’. Whereas a thorough assessment of the rider's behaviour, as well as the statements about the use of the whip in horse racing or the evaluation of the work of Stewards, should be preceded by a theoretical analysis of the matter and existing regulations in Poland and other countries.

Below, based on widely available sources, is a presentation of what the permissibility of using the whip in racing is dictated by, as well as the method of regulating the use of the whip in Poland and other countries. Finally, some high-profile examples of whip abuse, leaving the final judgment to the readers.

We should start with what racing is. According to the Polish Act on Horse Racing, these are trials, which the task is to assess the breeding value and select the best individuals for further breeding. For this to happen, the riders have their own rights, duties and responsibilities in the race, including ‘the use of such tactics to show the maximum abilities of the ridden horses.’ Of course, everything is within the limits of common sense and in accordance with the established rules. On the other hand, ‘A rider who: 1) does not make every effort to win the race or take the best possible place, shall be subject to a financial penalty or the penalty of suspension of the riding license’.

And this is where the following questions come to mind:

- Did the rider who had a chance to take a better place, but did not want to receive a penalty from the judges, make the effort to take a better place?

- Does the rider become an ‘executioner’, ‘brutal’ and a ‘bandit’ by exceeding the current limit of strokes?

- From how many strokes do we determine that the rider is ‘a brute or an executioner’? 10, 20 or maybe 1?

- By exceeding the whip limit, did the rider achieve a better result—but not by fair play?

- What is the appropriate penalty—financial or suspension of a licence, or maybe trainers should enter such a rider ‘without a whip’?

- How does one evaluate the damage of the horse’s image and its welfare after ‘cutting a few quick ones’?

The whip in training literature

The award for the best football player is the Golden Ball, for the best speedway rider, the Golden Helmet; and for the best rider, the Golden Whip. There is no point in discussing the symbolic aspect of the whip. The problem is understanding that it is not an end in and of itself, but it is an aid in achieving the desired result in a race. It has been, is and will be inseparable from the rider's profession, because it is one of the many tools used during training and racing. As John Hislop put it in “The Theory and Practice of Flat Race Riding” (The British Racehorse, 1971): ‘The use of the whip in riding can be divided into four categories: punishment, education, encouragement and guidance.... Should the question of punishing a horse arise, the rider will be well advised to ensure that he can do so properly.... If a horse is to be punished at all, he should be hit hard, well behind the stifle and, preferably, left-handed. If he is merely looking around him, a smart tap on the shoulder, without taking the hand off the rein, should be sufficient to remind him that he is not there for sightseeing, and be unlikely to cause a dissolution of the partnership.

‘In the case of a well-trained, manageable horse, therefore, the use of the whip is confined to encouragement and guidance.

‘The damage done by improper use of the whip on the racecourse cannot be overestimated. In this way honest horses are turned into rogues, the spirit of a sensitive one may be broken, and races can be lost through horses being caused to go off the true line, or curl up. The first principle in the use of the whip in race riding is not to hit horses too hard. Occasionally, a thick-skinned, indolent horse needs a couple of good hard cracks to bestir him, but for the average horse a couple of taps, or even the mere sight of the whip swinging, is sufficient to make him do his best. If a horse is to keep on racing effectively, he should not be made to dislike it; particularly he should not learn to associate pain with the finishing stages of a race. If he is to be hit hard, it is far better to give him two or three good cracks some way from home, when he still has some running left in him, then to do so in the final stages when he is all out.’

So much for Mr. Hislop... And what about Col. Karol Rómmel in “Practical tips of horse training for hurdle races cross country” (Military Institute of Research and Education, 1938)?

‘If riding out the horse with the use of hands and legs does not help, and there are just a few meters left to the wire, where even a slight difference in length is decisive for victory, the rider must sometimes use the whip. Hitting a horse over the entire "straight" or without any sight of taking a place in the race is a shameful cruelty, which in addition has a completely undesirable result.

‘Almost every Thoroughbred gives its maximum effort in a race and basically, apart from having to be ridden out, does not require any encouragement to work. Only occasionally we find individuals so blunt that the help of spurs or even a whip is really indispensable. Therefore, one should treat the whip as an unpleasant last resort and use it, though not always, just before the wire itself, in the final fight for victory. The whip, held with the reins, by the right hand next to the knob, rests with its thin end on the horse's shoulder. Before using the whip, the rider moves the reins to the left hand to the rhythm of the gallop, but does not reduce their tension and does not interrupt the rhythmic “riding out” movement of the hand (in this case only one hand). At the same time, the right hand "twirls" the whip in the direction of the movement and turns the whip with its tip upwards. The rider now holds the whip end first, parallel to the horse's neck, approximately at eye level. The left hand continues the energetic riding-out movement. Immediately before the stroke, in order to catch the rhythm, several "twirls" of the whip should be made to the rhythm of the gallop in the direction of the tail, wherein the movements of both hands must be strictly coordinated, i.e. when the left hand is extended, the end of the whip is near the horse's right groin. After 2 or 3 "twirls", the rider hits the horse short and hard behind the girth or a bit further, but not in the groin, still to the rhythm of the gallop and always with a twirling whip movement.’

The above studies are from 1938 and 1971. Despite the differences regarding the use of the whip in the last metres of the race, both gentlemen agree that the whip should be treated as a last resort, and additionally, show first, then hit. They also both agree on the technique (method) of hitting: holding the reins in both hands, as well as the fact that sometimes there are ‘thick-skinned’ or ‘blunt’ individuals that need a much stronger impulse. Generally, one can draw the conclusion from their statements that apart from the necessity and need to use a whip sometimes, you should take care of the welfare of the animal you work with, because it will pay off in the future. And they came to such conclusions several decades ago!

What has changed since those years? Not much, actually. It is difficult to come up with something else, except that it should be diligently implemented and applied under the supervision of experienced instructors (trainers). Unfortunately, the lack of education causes problems. An example of this are the answers of future riders during exams, which check their theoretical knowledge of racing rules. When asked, ‘What will change when you win the 10th race in your career?’ (According to Polish rules, a rider who has not won 10 races cannot ride horses with a whip in flat races.) Ninety-nine percent of them reply, ‘I will get a whip’. …

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EMHF update - Could European Racing improve its techniques for courting students?

By Dr Paull Khan

Racing is not alone in its desire to encourage greater interest amongst the younger generations. For decades, we have bemoaned our ‘ageing demographic’ and, while there may be little evidence of anything more than an aged demographic (raising the suspicion that it was ever thus), we, like so many others, are constantly seeking the key to attracting youth to our sport in all capacities: punters, racegoers, careerists.

For advice on this, who better to turn to, we reasoned, than to students themselves? Enter the European Student Horseracing Federation (ESHF)—a fledgling organisation whose members are University Racing Societies. Founding Chairman Robert Dargan explains: ‘The ESHF was established in May 2020 when I was elected chairman of Trinity College Horse Racing Society. It was founded to help racing societies to promote their presence and activities in their respective Universities. As I was fearful they may not survive the effects of COVID—given the fact that their normal events—visiting breeding operations, training facilities and going to the races could no longer take place due to restrictions. I thought it was very important to keep the societies active, to help promote the sport of horse racing to students, who are the next generation of supporters, participants and owners. I also wanted to have a central place for student horse racing enthusiasts to share their passion with other like-minded students from other universities and countries. I felt such an organisation did not exist for these purposes.’

Together, we began the search for a Fellowship Observer—a competitive process open to ESHF members where the winner would win an expenses-paid trip to Warsaw, and where, COVID permitting, we will hold the EMHF’s General Assembly in October, alongside racing at Poland’s premier racetrack, Sluzewiec.

Students were invited to distil into 500 words their thoughts on what European racing administrators might best do to encourage youth participation.

Entries were received from racing and equestrian societies of Universities across Ireland and Britain, including Trinity College Dublin, University College Dublin, University College Cork, University of Cambridge and University of Nottingham.

The top three entries - click on link to read:

Ciara Dineen - Winning Entry

Adrian Binder - Highly Commended

Kate Madden - Highly Commended

EMHF Fellowship Observer Competition winner Ciara Dineen.

Ciara Dineen, a first-year equine business student at Maynooth University, emerged as the winner. Ciara hails from a racing background—her father was both a jockey and trainer in his day, and she now dovetails her studies with working at John Joseph Murphy’s yard in Cork. Like several of the competition entrants, she feels that more could usefully be done to organise and foster the direct involvement of students in various aspects of the sport. From the organisation of student ownership syndicates to an enhancement of the ‘student raceday’ concept, which would see the addition of stable visits in the days leading up to the race, allowing the students ‘up close and personal’ access to one or two of the runners on the day—whom they can then cheer on, come the raceday, bonded by their newfound acquaintanceship.

The student ownership syndicate is not an entirely new idea. There are two variants: syndicates for alumni of schools or colleges and those for current members of college Racing Societies. Pierce Dargan, brother to Robert, and better known as CEO of Equine Medirecord, has been a trailblazer in this area. Pierce founded the Blackrock Racing Syndicate, made up of alumni of Blackrock College, a well-known school in Ireland, at the end of 2018. The syndicate got off to a dream start, with its first horse, Arthurian Fame, winning at the first time of asking. Exultant Blackrock members, decked out in the school’s blue and white colours, memorably hoisted trainer Joseph O'Brien aloft and into the winner’s enclosure.

The success didn't stop there, with the syndicate going on to win the Microsoft Cup at Leopardstown, where the power of the concept could really be seen. Over 200 alumni of Blackrock turned up to see the ‘the Fame’ win at the local track for the school, which is less than a 20-minute drive away. Even though most were not directly involved, Pierce describes how having the syndicate being part of an already existing identity really helped drive interest, not only to join the syndicate but also to grab the attention of the wider past and present pupils of the school and its extended community.

‘I think syndicators work very hard to establish a unique identity for their racing club or syndicate to help draw interest from potential members. This can be quite difficult, but when you are able to use the name and sports colours of the university or school, it really makes that draw for potential members much easier, as they are already part of that community. Also, educational institutions are always very anxious to engage and build strong ties with past students, and a syndicate or racing club is a perfect way to do that. I know personally it has helped me stay connected with friends to whom I had not spoken since leaving school; and it was the perfect reason to meet and share a great day out with them. And when the horses are doing well, it brings excitement not only to the members but the whole community, as shown by the number of people who came to watch Arthurian Fame run at Leopardstown. I also think it is the perfect way to build a path for young enthusiasts to become new owners in the sport.

‘Our generation want to be involved. We’re not content to be spectators any more.’ …

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The RED MILLS Care Range

Our most popular and nutritionally advanced RED MILLS Care Range has been enhanced with the addition of new ultra-low starch Horse Care ULTRA Cubes. Horse Care ULTRA Cubes have been formulated by our expert team of nutritionists to be cereal-grain free and exceptionally low in starch. This nutritionally advanced formulation has a starch content of just 4%; one of the lowest starch feeds on the market. Horse Care ULTRA Cubes contain the same tried, tested, and trusted RED MILLS Nutrition Care package which has been specifically formulated to provide the horse with optimum nutritional support.

Why the RED MILLS Nutrition Care Package? 

The modern-day horse faces many challenges – the physical and mental stresses of training, frequent travel and the tremendous demands of the breeding season. Key body systems including the digestive system, musculoskeletal system and immune systems are tested daily. Our expert nutrition team have developed the RED MILLS Care package for a scientifically advanced range of feeds, that have been specifically formulated to provide the horse with optimum nutritional support the Care packages includes:

Stomach Care

A variety of factors place the performance horse at risk of gastric ulceration, caused by gastric acid erosion of the epithelial lining of the stomach wall. The RED MILLS Care package has been specifically designed to help support and maintain normal stomach health. All RED MILLS Care products are low in starch and contain a slow releasing, natural gastric buffer to help to buffer excess acid thereby helping to maintain a healthy stomach pH. 

Hindgut Care

Maintaining a healthy and efficient hindgut in high performing competition and stud horses can be challenging. The RED MILLS Care package includes fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), and live yeast, all of which help to promote a healthy hindgut environment.  

FOS, a prebiotic, promotes the development of beneficial bacteria

MOS acts as a pathogen binder to help keep unwanted bacteria from populating the hindgut

Yeast aids fibre digestion and nutrient uptake

Muscle Care

Precise nutritional care is needed to support muscle development, growth and post-exercise recovery. The RED MILLS Care package is formulated to provide high quality protein, rich in essential amino acids. A comprehensive, unique antioxidant package combining Vitamin E, organic Selenium and Vitamin C is also included to effectively support cellular function and muscle recovery.   

Skeletal Care

The RED MILLS Care package has been formulated to help promote bone strength and correct limb development by providing quality protein, vitamins A, D and K, plus essential micronutrients such as elements calcium and phosphorus. Chelated copper and zinc are also included for improved availability. All the feeds in the RED MILLS Care range have also been designed to provide controlled levels of starch to help reduce excessive glycaemic response after feeding. 

Hoof Care

Horse hoof health is determined by several factors including genetics, environment, and

nutrition. The RED MILLS Care package contains elevated levels of biotin to help support improved hoof quality, plus quality protein, a source of sulphur-containing amino acids, chelated zinc and copper all of which play important roles in maintaining hoof health.  

www.redmills.com

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The benefits of using low starch performance cubes

Achieving optimal performance in the horse entails a variety of factors including management practices, training skills and techniques and nutritional influences. The performance horse has been associated in several studies with a higher prevalence of equine gastric ulcers, trying up and hindgut acidosis.

Nutrition plays a vital role in the management of these horses, providing energy sources, supporting muscle development, maintaining health and wellbeing and supporting recovery. A diet should be based around good quality forage, from this, the additional energy, protein, vitamin and mineral requirements can be met through fortified feeds suitable for the horses workload.

High cereal diets are often associated with performance horse feeds, the cereals are digested and utilised within the body as a main source of energy. However, this results in higher starch and sugar levels which can have detrimental impacts on health and performance if fed in large quantities with limited fibre.

Horses are natural grazers, eating little and often. The production of saliva contains a natural acidic buffer, and therefore the more fibre consumed, the more protection provided to the gut from low pH levels. Sometimes this is referred to as the “fibre mat” and often encouraged as a management practise to ensure the horse has consumed fibre before exercise and to avoid long periods without forage.

Bluegrass Race Horse Cubes were developed specifically to support horses during their racing season and training, providing highly digestible energy sources, supporting quick recovery and reducing the risk of equine gastric ulcers or trying up. The low starch content of only 15% helps to prevent the gastric pH dropping to a level that can lead to these health implications occurring. Additional support is provided through the inclusion of marine-derived calcium (MDC), that has been recently added to the Bluegrass Race Horse Cube. Recent research has shown MDC to have three benefits; support gut and gastric health by acting as an acidic buffer to gastric pH, and increase bone density*.

Fibre digestion occurs in the hindgut of the horse via a process called fermentation. This involves a population of micro-organisms known as microbiome that break down the fibre components for absorption and utilisation through the body tissues. The microbiome population requires a healthy balance of bacteria, protozoa and fungi that work together to benefit the host animal. However this population can be negatively impacted by various influences such as stress, changes in diet, parasitic infections or medications. Bluegrass Race Horse cubes contains pro-biotics, a collection of unique live yeast cultures that support the microbiome to encourage growth and enhance digestion of fibre and utilisation of nutrients.

Bluegrass Horse Feeds is a balanced partner of Kentucky Equine Research. All Bluegrass products are formulated with scientific background to ensure optimal nutrition is provided to their customers. Contact the Bluegrass Horse Feed nutritional helpline for advice, quotes or non-commitment digital consultation.

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GNF - Don’t wait for poor performance to hit

Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is a debilitating condition.

In order to achieve the calorific energy demands the horses’ diet has changed from a high forage grass-based diet to a starch (carbohydrate) energy dense diet made from grains.

This has led to a fundamental change in the horses’ digestive system, with a decrease in the stomach pH leading to a more acidic environment in the horses’ stomach. This is one of the key contributing factors leading to Equine gastric Ulcers.

EGUS is a debilitating condition which has been increasingly recognized in recent years as the reason for poor performance in racehorses. EGUS has been found to be widely prevalent, up to 93% of racehorses have been found to suffer from ulceration after endoscopic examination. The reasons for the high prevalence of gastric ulcers can be attributed to high concentrate/low forage diets, stall confinement and exercise induced stress.

Signs of EGUS include:

• Decreased performance

• Poor condition including dull coat

• Poor or ‘picky’ appetite

Proper nutritional support and environmental management are vital components in ensuring that horses maintain a healthy digestive system whilst in training.

With this in mind TRM have developed a unique dietary supplement, GNF which is suitable for feeding as a nutritional adjunct to maintain normal digestive tract function.

GNF differs from other feed supplements on the market in 2 significant ways:

GNF is clinically proven as a nutritional adjunct for horses with EGUS; race horses supplemented with GNF for six weeks showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in overall ulcer score.

GNF does not contain any prohibited substance, does not have a withdrawal period and is safe to use right up to race day when the horse is most at risk of developing ulcers due to intense training and stress.

GNF offers a 4-point target approach to the maintenance of normal digestive function.

Anti-Acids - Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium Hydroxide which stabilise and increase the pH of the gastric fluids.

Stomach coating - Seaweed Extract (Laminaria Hyperborea) which can protect the non-glandular portion of the stomach from acid splash.

Regrowth – Amino acids, Threonine to support mucin production and Glutamine to assist the repair and maintenance of epithelial cells.

Prebiotics - Fructo-Oligosaccharides which form a food substrate for the beneficial bacteria in the hind gut.

“At Greg Eurell Thoroughbred Racing we feed GNF as it ensures our horses are well from the inside out. Our horses are eating up happily, keeping condition better, and are overall much brighter and more relaxed when on the GNF. The GNF keeps the entire digestive system in top condition. We would highly recommend GNF to anyone with performance horses – it works!”

Greg Eurell

To find out more about how GNF can support your horses, or to order a GNF FREE TRIAL (Trial pack only available in the UK) please contact a member of the Farm & Stable Supplies team today on +44 (0) 1730 815 800 or visit www.farmstable.com

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What oil should I feed my horse?

When discussing oils, you will hear the term Omega-3 and Omega-6 a lot; these fatty acids are important inclusions in the horse’s diet. While Omega-3 fatty acids aid the anti-inflammatory response in the body and have positive health benefits, Omega-6 fatty acids aid the pro-inflammatory processes. Some human medical research suggests that excessive levels of Omega-6, relative to Omega-3, may increase the probability of a number of diseases. Therefore, it is advisable that while shopping for an oil suitable for your horse you look for one with at least twice as much Omega-3 as Omega-6.

There are many advantages to feeding oil to horses. The energy content of oils is greater than that of cereals.  Therefore, for those horses that are in hard work, have reduced appetite or need additional calories may benefit from an inclusion of oil in the diet.

Advantages to feeding an oil

Skin and Coat – feeding an oil is excellent for skin and coat condition, it is advisable for an oil to be fed to horses who suffer from conditions such as dry, flaky skin or a dull coat. Omega-3 supplementation is thought to be beneficial with some allergy related conditions such as sweet itch, while the oil helps to avoid the irritated skin from drying out.

Respiratory Health – research proved favourable for the inclusion of Omega-3 in the diet for horses who suffer from inflammatory airway disease. The additional benefit of adding an oil to the feed resulted in the feed being coated by the oil reducing the inhalation of excess dust.

Digestive Health and Gastric Ulcers – including an oil in a horses diet is not only of benefit to help digestive transit digestive transit, but it may also prove helpful for horses who suffer from gastric ulcers, where a total diet low in starch and high in oil is advised.

Tying Up – recommendations for feeding horses who suffer from Tying -Up/PPSM include a low starch high oil diet, the inclusion of an oil in the ration of these horses can help in the management of these conditions without having to reduce calorie intake for performance horses.

Joint Health – there are multiple studies in both human and animal promoting the inclusion of a balanced omega oil in the diet to help with joint inflammation.

Fertility – the inclusion of Omega-3 in the diet for both mares and stallions is of benefit for reproductive health.

Linseed oil is a great source of both Omega-3 and Omega-6 and in the correct ratio; the omega balance in linseed oil is 4:1, which is the same ratio as in fresh pasture grass. This natural balance of omega oils is different in preserved forages such as hay, where Omega-6 levels are higher. In stabled horses supplementing with linseed oil helps redress the omega 3:6 imbalance associated with reduced pasture turnout.

Foran Equine Kentucky Karron Oil is a high-quality linseed emulsion, emulsification improves the bioavailability of the Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids. This increase in bioavailability allows for better absorption and utilization within the body.

To find out more contact a member of our team:

T +353 (0) 1 6268058 / E info@foranequine.com

www.foranequine.com

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