TRM Trainer of the Quarter - Fabrice Chappet

The TRM Trainer of the Quarter award goes to French Trainer, Fabrice Chappet, who with his horse Billy Allen has won the European All Weather Series.

Editorial Writer (European Trainer - Issue 10 / Summer 2005)

Digestion Development - how modern feeding practices affect the natural digestive system

Previous articles in Trainer have looked at how the horse, regardless of what he has been developed to do, remains the nomadic, trickle feeding animal that nature designed him to be. We have also examined how modern diet and management, combined with the physical and mental stress imposed on the competition and racing animal are contributory factors in a variety of problems, including ‘stereotypy’ behaviour such as cribbing and windsucking, and the perennial problem of ulcers and colic.

We know that the horse is essentially a grazing animal, with a digestive tract designed specifically for long periods of foraging, which can be as much as 20 hours per day. Their stomachs seem surprisingly small to some people, in relation to their overall size and the stomach is designed to empty when only two thirds full. Horses cannot vomit so this mechanism is a vital safety function designed to prevent a lethal stomach rupture. Feed then travels from the stomach along the small intestine, an amazing 70-foot-long organ where most starch, sugar, fat, vitamins, minerals and some of the protein is digested and absorbed into the bloodstream. The residual nutrients and fibres then travel to the hindgut, a large fermentation chamber of up to 30 gallons of fibrous material, with literally millions of bacteria and organisms working to digest it. Volatile fatty acids produced by fibre-digesting bacteria provide as much as 70% of energy for horses on a forage diet. Some of the residual minerals, including phosperous, protein and water are absorbed from the large intestine and recycled in the body. B-vitamins are also produced by bacteria in a healthy horse’s hindgut. It is easy to see how efficient the system is for a forage-fed horse and how we begin to compromise that efficiency with modern diet. So where does it go wrong? Grains are much higher in starch compared to hay and grass, which the digestive tract is designed to process. Excess starch is not broken down by enzymes at the start of the process due to a number of factors, a lack of enzymes, starch that is too compact to be broken down or there is insufficient time as the feed goes from the mouth, foregut and hindgut in less than six hours. Lactic acid is produced in the hindgut by starch-digesting bacteria and reduces the hindgut pH, with the result that many entirely beneficial, fibre-digesting bacteria, unable to tolerate the increased acidity, die and release toxins into the hindgut. These toxins often results in colic and related problems. Thus we know that starch in the hindgut is a problem and reducing grain reduces the risk of problems, but what of the competition animal? Exciting and pertinent research by Dr Derek Cuddeford, lecturer at the Royal School of Veterinary Studies, has shown that a new form of pure, protected yeast can significantly improve fibre digestibility in the horse, resulting in increased energy available to the animal.

This activity has only been demonstrated with a limited number of yeast strains; an example of which is Biosaf Sc47 produced by Lesaffre Feed additives in France. Dr Cuddeford says that Biosaf Sc47 has been used to good effect in starch-rich diets for high performance cattle and other ruminants for some time. “As soon as the yeast is swallowed it goes straight into the site of fermentation in the rumen where it has been shown to stimulate the growth of fibre-digesting organisms by mopping up oxygen and rapidly fermentable material (such as starch) as well as stimulating the numbers of organisms that use up lactic acid in the gut. “Obviously, this would be great if the same could happen during fermentation in the horse’s large intestine due to the risk of acidosis (excess lactic acid) in horses fed large amounts of starch. It seems that yeast must be actively metabolising and thus alive, to fulfil some of its most important functions. This can be a problem in the horse where the site of activity is in the large intestine and thus, yeast has to survive passage through the highly acid stomach in order to reach the caecum and be viable.”

The producers of Biosaf SC47 use a special process whereby live yeast cells are coated with dried, dead yeast cells that act as a protective barrier to the live yeast inside, likened to a Malteser sweet, which more mature readers will recall was advertised as ‘melt in the mouth and not in the hand’! In contrast, ordinary ‘instant yeasts’, such as Baker’s yeast, are highly vulnerable to attack by enzymes, liquids, acids, etc. Research carried out at The Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh set out to test whether Biosaf Sc47 would survive passage through the horse’s stomach and small intestine. Firstly, some laboratory tests were set up to determine the resistance of this yeast preparation to exposure to acid and the enzyme pepsin normally produced in the stomach. Dr Cuddeford says they were able to show that the Biosaf Sc47 survived prolonged exposure to this strong acid/enzyme combination and it was estimated that one third of an oral dose would survive passage through the horse’s gut to reach the site of fermentation and to be active. “Some further studies were undertaken to test survival through the whole of the horses gut simply by feeding horses Biosaf Sc47 and collecting the droppings and analysing them for the presence of the yeast. Active yeast was recovered from the faeces confirming that this ‘protected’ yeast survived in the horse’s gut and was thus able to benefit the horse. However, it is important to remember that yeast cannot colonise the horse’s gut and thus must be fed on a daily basis. “Live yeast in the large intestine of the horse will utilise any free sugars, scavenge oxygen, stimulate both the growth of lactate-utilising organisms and those bacteria that ferment plant cell wall.

The overall effect is to enhance the digestive process in the horse’s large intestine and to reduce the risk of sub-clinical disease (acidosis) in those animals fed infrequent large meals. Apart from the role of Biosaf Sc47 yeast in stabilising the horse’s hind gut, yeast cell wall contains complex sugars known as mannan- oligosaccharides (MOS) that bind to pathogens thereby preventing their attachment to the gut wall, and thus preventing them from interfering with absorption of nutrients etc. “Thus, certain strains of yeast, together with yeast cell wall, can fulfil very important functions within the horse and this activity has been verified by quite a large number of experiments.” This is an exciting development in equine nutrition with significant implications for the high-performance horse. UK equine supplement and balancer manufacturer TopSpec includes Biosaf SC47 in its Bloodstock and Racing balancers.

Weighing Racehorses - how regular monitoring can provide vital information

 As racing has slowly embraced the technological era, so horsemen's lore has been reinforced or refuted by scientific advance. One area of increased awareness is the importance of monitoring the weight of the racehorse. From stud to stable, weighing machines have augmented, and even supplanted, the empirical judgment of the eye. Applications range from gauging the development of the weanling to assimilating the optimal fighting-weight of the performance horse to monitoring the effects of transportation.

Eliciting the comments of a diverse cast of trainers from the Flat and National Hunt communities on the use of weighing machines precipitates several common themes. There are two main areas where the use of weighing machines have proved illuminating: in establishing the weight that a thoroughbred is at its most athletically efficient, and in monitoring the systemic stress of competition and its attendant recovery rate. On the first topic, it is clear that a good deal of experience is required in interpreting the data which weighing the thoroughbred over a significant period yields. It is accepted that the thoroughbred develops physically until the age of five, yet there is no corresponding linear relationship with its mean weight. Fatty tissue is gradually replaced by muscle, so the racehorse gets bigger but leaner. This results in its weight varying considerably with factors such as pedigree, training, feeding and environment. Judging optimal performance weight is, therefore, far from being an exact science. "A lot of my horses weigh the most at the age of two.

Russian Valour, for instance, is the heaviest successful horse of any age I have trained," Mark Johnston said before the smart juvenile won last year's Norfolk Stakes at Royal Ascot. Dermot Weld, another qualified vet, is said to believe that the weight of his top Flat horses varies little between two and three years old, again perhaps due to the alliance between training technique and the variance in tissue type. The brilliant Irish trainer is therefore in a strong position to formulate a relationship between weight and performance. Eric Alston has been weighing racehorses for 15 years and is a strong advocate of the practice as a training aid. "The key is appreciating that horses are individuals and building up a pattern of how their weight varies with age and time," he says. "The eye is still very important, but weighing gives you that extra bit of confidence in your judgment of when a horse is right." Some equine giants range up to 570kg, but the majority fit within the range 470-515kg. When you consider that some can lose more than 25kg (roughly 5% of their bodyweight) through a single race, it is clear that monitoring recovery rate is vital to continued wellbeing and performance level. A thoroughbred at peak fitness should put back the lost weight within three to four days if all remains well with them, though individual rates vary and some even make a full recovery within 24 hours.

Leading National Hunt trainer Henry Daly believes that weighing horses has an important role to play in the analysis of post-race recovery. "I find that horses lose between 7.5kg and 25kg post-race," he says. "Travelling is a major factor. In my experience, the distance a horse races from its home base is roughly proportional to its weight loss, all other factors being equal." "This is especially true of the young horse, first time out. A novice can appear to win without having a stressful time, for instance, but when you get it back home it has experienced a significant weight-loss and your training must be adjusted accordingly."

William Bedell, whose company The Horse Weigh is a market leader in manufacturing weighing equipment, reports that the demand for weighing machines has mushroomed across the thoroughbred industry. "Our weighing units are constantly under development and the feedback from training yards - which constitute 40-50% of our business - is vital in development," he says. "The new-age trainer is soon on the phone if he believes he is missing an important aid to maintaining or improving his position." One of Bedell's most valued clients is the Shadwell Stud in Norfolk, whose manager Johnny Peter-Hoblyn is effusive about the importance of the equipment to one of the world's leading thoroughbred nurseries. "Weighing is an essential part of Shadwell's monitoring techniques, " he says. "Aberrant weights enable us to pick up potential problems before they are apparent to the naked eye, and before they become more serious. Weight loss can be the sign of the onset of viral problems, but just as important to us is controlling weight gain. "If a foal picks up more than 1.5kg a day, the extra burden on its young joints can lead to developmental problems. Having quality tools at our disposal, such as the weighing machines we have here, is crucial to the stud's success."

Weighing machines are also in use by racehorse transporters whose customers are sensitive to monitoring the physical stress of getting their horses to the racecourse. James Paltridge of International Racehorse Transport (IRT) has vast experience of travelling horses round the world, notably to events such as the Breeders' Cup and Melbourne Cup. "Obtaining reliable readouts can be difficult, as weighing machines seem to be calibrated differently. For this reason we have our own at either end of the journey when we fly horses to Australia," he says. "A horse can lose up to 30kg on a long-haul flight, mainly as a result of dehydration. Getting a horse to drink in a rarefied atmosphere is difficult, particularly if it is travelling from a winter climate to warm weather." "IRT uses weighing machines in order to provide the customer with information about weight loss. This is also of great benefit to the company liability-wise." Now comes the thorny issue. If knowledge of a horse's weight is so useful within the various enclaves of the thoroughbred industry, should it not be placed in the public domain on race days?

After all, the image of the sport is dependent to a significant extent on transparency, particularly in the aftermath of the blow to its integrity delivered by the Panorama and Kenyon Confronts programmes two years ago. Rupert Arnold, chief executive of the National Trainers' Federation, sums up the position of his members towards trackside weighing. "We discussed the topic at most of our regional meetings last autumn," he says. "So long as weighing was carried out at a convenient position and with minimum disruption - and we believe that it can - that is not a significant concern. "The main issue in the trainer's mind is the misinterpretation of the information in sensitive cases. Weights can vary significantly through natural variation, and isolating it as a central factor in the performance of a horse is far from straightforward. "Integrity is an important issue to trainers, but it is not very clear that weighing racehorses would improve matters. We are all for expanding information sources, but even the more sophisticated punter is more likely to be misled than enlightened by racehorse weights."

British horseracing already has a model available if it is considering publishing weights. With integrity issues always to the forefront of its considerations, the Hong Kong Jockey Club introduced the practice three years ago. According to one professional punter, however, the information has been subject to various degrees of interest. It is far from evident that winner finding nor performance interpretation has been made easier as a result. Newmarket trainer Luca Cumani experienced mandatory weighing when sending Falbrav over to win the Hong Kong Cup last December "I had no problem whatsoever with having Falbrav weighed before the race. Anything which is helpful, useful or interesting to the racing public is a service which should be offered. There is little disruption to the horse." Cumani has no qualms about the practicalities of weighing but does doubt its efficacy in providing novel information. "I used to weigh horses in training but gave it up because it was adding nothing to my judgment. After a couple of years of recording and analysing the data, I came to the conclusion that I could judge a horse's weight within 5kg on the vast majority of occasions. "Of course, this is a personal opinion, but every experienced trainer should be able to do the same, if he lives with his horses every day."

It is far more important for those clamouring for technological improvements to focus their attentions on sectional times rather than weights, for British horseracing is screaming out for better time information in order to market itself better to the rest of the world. Racehorse weights are of considerable use to the professional horseman who has all the facts at his disposal with which to interpret the information correctly, but it is doubtful they would be anymore than interesting to the public. As far as integrity issues are concerned, it is possible that a mature horse reappearing after an absence could be checked to ensure it is not carrying more than a reasonable amount of excess weight. However, establishing what constitutes a reasonable variation, and dealing fairly with cases which are judged to be outside normal parameters, makes for extremely difficult policing.

Do horses suffer from jet-lag?

The consequences of jet lag for the equine athlete have become more relevant in recent times due to increased travel of performance horses across multiple time zones for international competition. The effects of jet lag are significantly more detrimental for the professional athlete hoping to perform optimally in a new time zone. Before defining the implications of jet lag for the horse, it is first necessary to understand the effects of light on any mammalian system. Most all life on earth is influenced by the daily cycles of light and dark brought about by the presence of the sun and the continuous rotation of our planet around its own axis.

From the simplest algae to mammals, nearly all organisms have adapted their lifestyle in such a way that they organize their activities into 24-hour cycles determined by sunrise and sunset. For this reason, many aspects of physiology and behaviour are temporally organized into circadian rhythms driven by a biological clock. Thus, biological clocks have evolved that are sensitive to light and so enable physiological anticipation of periods of activity. Light is the primary cue serving to synchronize biological rhythms and allows organisms to optimise survival and adapt to their environment. An example of this environmental adaptation is clearly evident in the mare’s natural breeding season. As the number of hours of light gradually increases in the early spring, the mare’s reproductive system reawakens and within weeks is ready for conception.

With an 11 month, one week gestation period, horses have evolved to produce their young when the days are long and warm and the grass is green – the ideal environment for a growing animal and for a lactating mare with increased nutritional needs. However, we have interfered with nature’s design. With the creation of a universal birthday for Thoroughbred horses of January 1st and the economic demands to produce early foals for sale as mature yearlings, we have succeeded in altering the mare’s natural breeding season through use of artificial lighting programmes. A 200-watt light-bulb, in a 12-foot by 12-foot stall, switched on from dusk until roughly 11:00 pm nightly and beginning December 1st, is sufficient to advance the onset of the mares reproductive activity such that she should be ready to be bred by February 15th, the official start of the breeding season. From this, it is clear that light can control seasonal rhythms. What is more important in relation to jet lag is that light also closely regulates daily, or circadian rhythms. These circadian rhythms include changes in body temperature, hormone secretion, sleep/wake cycles, alertness and metabolism. A disruption of these rhythms results in jet lag.

It can be defined as a conflict between the new cycle of light and dark and the previously entrained programme of the internal clock. The first step to understanding jet lag is to examine the workings of the biological clock and the extent to which the daily cycles of light and dark can control physiological processes. All mammals possess a “master” circadian clock that resides in a specific area of the hypothalamic region of the brain. This area of the brain is responsible for regulating diverse physiological processes such as blood pressure, heart rate, wakefulness, hormone secretion, metabolism and body temperature. Each of these processes is in turn affected by time of day.

During daylight hours, the eye perceives light and light energy is transmitted via a network of nerve fibres to the brain. Here, the light signal activates a number of important genes and these “clock” genes are responsible for relaying signals conveying the time of day information to the rest of the body. Recent advances in the study of circadian rhythms and clock genes have shown that a molecular clock functions in almost all tissues and that the activities of possibly every cell in a given tissue are subject to the control of a clockwork mechanism. The role of the “master” clock in the brain is to communicate the light information to the clocks in the peripheral tissues, so that each tissue can use this information for its own purpose.

Thus, as day breaks and eyes perceive morning light, hormones are produced to help us to wake up, enzymes are activated in our digestive systems in anticipation of breakfast, heart rates increase, muscles prepare for exercise and many more circadian rhythms are initiated. This master clock in the brain, that controls so many bodily functions, must be reset on a daily basis by the photoperiod, whether it is sunrise and sunset or lights on and lights off, in order for an organism to be in harmony with its external environment. Jet lag occurs due to an abrupt change in the light-dark cycle and results from travel across multiple time zones, which in turn causes de-synchronization between an organism’s physiological processes and the environment.

Coupled to this is the fact that the circadian clock can only adapt to a new lighting schedule gradually and while the brain receives the light information directly, there is a further lag period involved in transmitting the time of day message to peripheral tissues. As a consequence, behavioural and physiological adaptation to changes in local time is delayed. This means that following a transmeridian journey, travellers are forced to rest at an incorrect phase of their circadian cycle, when they are physiologically entrained to be active and more importantly for the athlete, they are expected to perform when they are physiologically set to rest. As mammals, horses also suffer from the effects of jet lag.

Research is needed to understand the extent of physiological disruption caused by a transmeridian journey, the time period of the disruption and the overall effect it has on equine performance. Until now, no studies have been undertaken to investigate the physiological effects of jet lag in the horse. Studies in human athletes have demonstrated the detrimental effects of translocation on exercise capacity and performance. One early study examined human subjects following intercontinental flights consisting of eastward or westward journeys across multiple time zones (1). Results clearly demonstrated significant disturbances in heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, evaporative water loss and psychological function. Interestingly, these disturbances were found to be more profound following the eastward flight.

A more recent study conducted using top athletes from the German Olympic team investigated the effects of time-zone displacement on heart rate and blood pressure profiles (2). In athletes, blood pressure and oxygen supply to the organs are of utmost importance for optimal performance and successful competition. Rhythm disturbances in the 24-hour profiles of heart rate and blood pressure were found to be present up to day 11 after time-zone transition. The athletes were involved in intensive training programmes throughout the study and underwent frequent bouts of strenuous exercise.

Regular exercise at a set time in the 24-hour clock can strengthen circadian rhythms that are integral to physiological processes and can act as a timing cue secondary to light. It is also thought to aid in resynchronisation to a new time-zone. However, exercise was not found to improve the jet lag effects in this study, an observation that has relevance for the athletic horse in intensive training. The investigators concluded that following a flight across six time zones, athletes should arrive for their competition at least two weeks in advance in order to overcome the jet lag effects before competing.

Another study using fit human subjects examined performance times before and after an eastward journey across 6 time zones (3). Performance times for a 270m sprint were slower for the first 4 days following translocation as were times for a 2.8km run on the second and third days. This can be explained by the fact that the athletes’ internal body rhythms, including several neuromuscular, cardiovascular and metabolic variables and indices of aerobic capacity are out of synchrony with the environmental light-dark cycle following a transmeridian journey. Small mammals such as rats and mice have historically been used to study human circadian disorders such as jet lag. Current research being conducted at the Gluck Equine Research Center at the University of Kentucky has resulted in successful isolation of a number of ‘clock’ genes.

A comparison of these equine specific genes with their human counterparts has revealed an unusually high similarity between these two species at the DNA level, closer than the similarity observed between small mammals and humans. Unlike humans and horses, rats and mice are nocturnal animals and have yet to be proven as elite athletes. Further research is underway to investigate in detail the effects of jet lag on equine performance that will eventually lead to the development of measures to counteract these effects. Until then, information on the effects of transmeridian travel derived from studies on human performance can be used to provide guidelines to horse trainers, especially based on the similarity between the species in question. The severity of the jet lag effects can depend on a number of factors. These include the ability to preset the bodily rhythms prior to flying (4), the number of time zones crossed, the direction of the flight and individual variability.

Just as set exercise times can affect circadian rhythms in many physiological processes, feeding schedules also play an important role in entraining biological clocks, particularly within the digestive system. Horses anticipate feeding times. Banging of hooves on doors and rattling of empty feed buckets are common sounds that greet those responsible for feeding a yard of hungry horses. Therefore, it is important to change both feeding times and exercise schedules to mimic the new time zone prior to travel, in order to shorten the amount of time required for resynchronisation of digestive function and performance capacity upon arrival. Lighting is also of paramount importance. Exposing animals to early morning bright light for several days prior to an eastward journey across multiple time zones, or, extended hours of evening light prior to a westward journey, will help synchronize circadian rhythms to the new time zone prior to travel.

A recent study that tested a combination of approaches to hasten the resynchronisation of a group of elite sports competitors and their coaches to a westerly transmeridian flight, demonstrated the usefulness of combining melatonin treatment, an appropriate environmental light schedule and timely applied physical exercise to help the athletes overcome the consequences of jet lag (5). Melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland of the brain during the hours of darkness, is thought to help synchronize sleep-wake cycles and resynchronisation to a new time zone, but its suitability for these purposes has yet to be tested in the horse. Of course, these procedures to preset bodily rhythms need not be implemented if it is possible to arrive at the destination in sufficient time to allow natural re-entrainment to the new light-dark cycle.

For financial reasons, this is not necessarily feasible for the equine athlete. Two other important factors that determine the severity of jet lag effects are the number of time zones crossed and the direction of the flight. As one would expect, the greater the number of time zones traversed, the more severe the physiological disruption. For example, a flight from Europe to the East Coast of the United States, across six time-zones, would require a significantly greater resynchronisation time than a flight from the East Coast to the West Coast (three time zones), within the continental U.S. Any transmeridian journey in an eastward direction will result in a more profound disruption of circadian rhythms than a similar journey in a westward direction. The reason for this is a molecular one and involves the individual characteristics of certain clock genes. Suffice to say that clock genes react more rapidly to light than to darkness. When travelling in a westward direction i.e. from Europe to the United States, travellers enter an environment consisting of extended hours of evening light. The light continues to stimulate clock genes in the brain and adaptation to the new time zone occurs more rapidly. To some extent this may explain the success experienced by European horses at U.S. racetracks, even when they arrive three to four days prior to a race.

Knowing exactly how long it takes for the equine athlete to overcome any travel effects that may impinge on performance following such a flight, should provide valuable information to European trainers. In contrast, an eastward journey results in a shortened day length at the destination and requires a phase advance of the circadian clock. Travellers experience earlier nightfall and as the clock genes cannot respond well to darkness, an extended duration of jet lag. To emphasize, it will take an animal longer to adapt to the new light-dark cycle following an eastward flight and consequently longer to reach optimal performance levels following transit.

Pharmacokinetics deals with absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs and these steps are influenced by physiological function of the body, which we now know to be influenced in turn by time of day. The implications of this for the athletic horse following transmeridian travel is worth highlighting, as it underlines the importance of knowing approximate physiological resynchronisation time to a new time zone. For example, terbutaline, a bronchodilator similar to clenbuterol commonly used by equine practitioners, has a significantly longer half-life when administered in the morning than in the evening (6). This implies that drug clearance times can be affected by transmeridian travel. In addition to the disruption of circadian rhythms, travel stress can also be a significant factor in further compounding the effects of jet lag following the transportation of horses across multiple time-zones.

Major complications associated with long-distance travel include pleuropneumonia, otherwise known as ‘shipping fever’, dehydration and colic. Even in cool conditions, horses will often lose 2-5 pounds of body weight for every hour they travel, as they do not like to drink while travelling (7). Care of horses during long-distance transportation is an extensive topic that requires separate attention. At the Gluck Equine Research Center, preparations are underway to conduct several experiments that will simulate phase advances and delays in the lighting schedule of groups of horses, thus mimicking eastward and westward journeys, so that the molecular and physiological effects of jet lag and the time duration of these effects can be investigated. The goal of this research is ultimately to provide practical guidelines to trainers in order that measures can be taken to counteract the detrimental effects of jet lag on performance, therefore leveling the playing field for horses competing away from home.

Hoppegarten Racecourse - a history of the German racecourse

May 17th 1868 was an important day in the history of German horseracing. Prussian King Wilhelm I (the founding of the German Empire and the title Emperor was still eight years away) himself attended the successful opening ceremony of “Hoppegarten” together with his ministers including Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Driving force behind the scenes was the Union-Klub, a Jockey Club founded in 1867 by leading racing enthusiast. The club purchased the over 600 hectares big area outside Berlin for the amount of 296,000 Prussian Taler. The name “Hoppegarten” comes from the fields, “garten” meaning garden, of hops that were replaced by the racecourse.

Very soon trainers from England opened up yards in Hoppegarten and racing was developing at a remarkable rate until the outbreak of World War I. The first trainer coming from England the homeland of horseracing and opening up a yard in Hoppegarten was in 1871 Ch. Hayhohe who was able to win the German Derby five times. Many others followed him including Richard Waugh and Reginald Day (Royal Stud of Graditz) at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. James Cooter, who was training horses for the King of Wuerttemberg and George Arnull, the trainer of the famous Schlenderhan Stud . In 1910 Emperor Wilhelm II declared himself out of pure enthusiasm “protector of the Union-Klub”. This was followed by a huge rebuilding programme that gave Hoppegarten the look it still has today. All wooden stands were replaced by solid steel and stone constructions.

It is today one of the very few racecourses around the world that has completely preserved it’s architecture for more than 80 years. Hoppegarten saw it’s best years without any doubt from 1925 to 1945. Over 1200 horses were in training in the yards surrounding the race track and training centre. The 775 hectare area included six race tracks just for training, 29 kilometres of turf and 16 kilometres of sand tracks. Top horses from England, France and Italy travelled to Germany to race in Hoppegarten. Leading European breeders and owners like Marcel Boussac, HH the Aga Khan and Frederico Tesio were frequent guests in Hoppegarten. In 1945 the Union-Klub went into exile to Cologne after the Soviet Occupational Government had taken away the property from Germany’s oldest Jockey Club for being too aristocratic and therefore being an enemy of the working class. Thanks to many racing enthusiasts in the former German Democratic Republic, the communist eastern part of the divided Germany, Hoppegarten survived almost without a scratch the 45 years that followed. One of the most remarkable racedays in the history of Hoppegarten was on the 31st March 1990.

It was the first German race meeting after reunification. The course was sold out with over 40,000 racing fans from both sides of the iron curtain that vanished six month earlier. For the first time in 30 years race fans, owners, trainers and jockeys from both parts of the country could meet, race and party together again. Throughout the nineties racing blossomed again at the racecourse of the capital. Legendary jockeys such as Lester Piggot, Frankie Dettori, Willie Carson, Steve Cauthen and many more met at the scales in Hoppegarten. All had similar comments: “A fantastic course, better than we had ever imagined”. Unforgettable moments were the visits of HRH Princess Anne, the victories of HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum with George Augustus in the Prix Zino Davidoff and Central Park in the Europachampionat, and the first class sprinter Mr Brooks winning the Grosser Preis von Berlin. Though the Union-Klub was now back again in Hoppegarten organising racing it took over eleven more years to regain ownership by a compromise with the government granting the Union-Klub a 99 year lease of the property it purchased in 1874. Hoppegarten today is the stage for three international group races, the GROSSER PREIS VON DEUTSCHLAND (11th July, Gr. II), the GROSSER PREIS VON BERLIN (8th August, Gr. III), the VOLSWAGEN-PREIS DER DEUTSCHEN EINHEIT (3rd October, Gr. III) and a number of listed races.

Today, 14 years after re-unification the fixtures are well embedded into the German racing calendar. Since two years under the chairmanship of Peter Boenisch, a former secretary of state and spokesman of the Kohl Government, the historic racecourse is witnessing a remarkable upturn for horseracing in the German capital. A Milestone in getting racing back into the focus of the public and the media has been last year’s GROSSER PORSCHE PREIS VON DEUTSCHLAND that saw an unforgettable duel between Martillo and Mail The Dessert. Over 25,000 spectators, including chancellor Schroeder and Porsche CEO Wiedeking saw Hoeny-Hof Stud’s Martillo’s win. Hoppegarten today is still an ideal place to train and race horses in the most professional way. The 2350 metres long main racecourse is regarded as the best turf course in Germany. An ideal design with very wide turns and long straights provides fair conditions for all runners. The 550 metres long home straight with the “Anberg”, a slight elevation in the second last furlong, demands very precise timing from the jockeys. The 1400 metres straight sprint turf track is unique in Germany. Inside the main turf course is a hurdle course and the infield is used for jump races.

The stands are providing an un-obscured view of the whole course enabling racegoers to follow every second of the race with their own eyes against the background of over 100 hectares of forest surrounding the grounds from all sides. Already in the twenties of the last century the public gave Hoppegarten the name “Rennbahn im Grünen” meaning “racecourse in the green” or “Parkrennbahn” meaning Park Racecourse for its location in the middle of the green belt surrounding the capital. The Racecourse can be reached by car or train in 25 minutes from the centre of Berlin. Hoppegarten’s own train station is conveniently located only a 5 minute walk away from the main gate. Over a dozen public trainers have their yards nowadays in Hoppegarten using the training centre. Hoppegarten provides them with the biggest training grounds in Germany and very competitive costs. The biggest success story of the last two years was written by the Idea yard, led by Lord John Fitzgerald. Only in his second year in Berlin he is already the local prize money champion. Taking over the Idea yard in April 2002 Lord John continues in the tradition of English Trainers in Hoppegarten and connects the training centre to the glorious times before WW II.

Lord John previously trained in Newmarket from 1986 to 1992 before holding various senior management positions in the horseracing bodies of Dubai, Hong Kong and Macau. His first complete racing season in Germany in 2003 was very successful. Highlights were the victories of Anzasca in the Deutscher Stutenpreis in Cologne (Gr.III) and of Russian Samba in the Frankfurter Stutenpreis. For this season 35 horses are being prepared at the Idea yard, including 14 two year olds The Union-Klub von 1867 zu Berlin hopes to attract more horses, trainers and owners to come to Berlin in order to reinstall the historic course again as one of the most international centres in racing.

International incentives - how racecourses attract owners and trainers

Every racing authority and every racecourse must offer incentives if they have any particular ambitions. Appearance money, owners' premiums, breeders' premiums, travel allowances and all manner of special offers are either tried out or made a basic part of policy.

The question always is whether they have the intended result. If so, then the offerers must ask if the money was well spent and whether the chosen policy will produce a satisfactory result in the longer term. As for the owners and trainers who are the beneficiaries, their job is to keep themselves informed and pick up whatever they can. However successful, incentives remain extras. They have little point if a strong programme, which should lead horses up a ladder of opportunity, does not back them. Any weaknesses should be filled, as European authorities are currently attempting by offering more chances for fillies and mares. The lack of conditions and Listed events for two-year-olds, which leads so many trainers to step directly from winning a maiden into Group 3 class, may be just as undesirable a gap.

These gaps are among the reasons why our horses, and European ones in general, are so attractive to American agents and owners. American racetracks offer an extensive programme of allowances (conditions events)while their practice of keeping the sexes separate, at all stages of a horse's career, provides even more opportunities. European horses may have shown plenty of ability but can still have won only once or twice when they are sold. They are then able to make almost a fresh start, beginning at a relatively low point on the ladder, when they reappear in the United States.

A Listed race winner in Britain, France or Ireland has an excellent chance of winning an American Graded race. Add to that the greater economic strength of American buyers - even with the current weak dollar - and it is obvious that any changes designed to strengthen competition for horses, close to Pattern race level but not quite good enough, can only ever be partially successful at best. It should all start with that objective nevertheless, backed up by as many incentives as available funds will allow.

France has offered the most generous rewards ever since the sport was reorganized by Jean Romanet in the 1950s. The yields from the pari-mutuel monopoly are not as handsome as in the past but still support some amazing extra rewards. Owners of a French-bred receive a premium of 75 percent on all prizes in two-year-old races and of 63 percent in those for three-year-olds. There is an additional ten percent on offer in Listed and Group 3 events. Prizes and premiums go down to seventh in tierce handicaps and to fifth place in everything else. Owners receive no extra premium in races restricted to French-breds nor in many races for older horses however. Breeders are just as handsomely compensated, even in races for French-breds, in which they receive at least 19 percent of the prize in juvenile events. Roseanna, a daughter of Anabaa trained by Criquette Head-Maarek, which won the Listed Prix Yacowlef for Peter Savill at Deauville last August, earned her breeders a 25.9 percent premium.

Savill, who picked up an extra 85 percent of his £13,312 first prize, is far from the only British owner attracted to France although the number of British-owned horses in training there is well down on the level in the early 1970s. Most owners want to see their horses in action whenever possible and sending them to another country decreases that chance. Other considerations come into play for breeders as well.

The Niarchos Family picked up a prize of €199,990 when Six Perfections won the race which they sponsor, the Prix Jacques Le Marois, at Deauville. In addition, the French-bred daughter of Celtic Swing earned them premiums of €125,993(63 percent) as owners and €45,637(22.8 percent) as breeders, plus a special prize of €85,710 (42.86 percent) from the EBF. Yet the Niarchos operation, although based at the Haras de Fresnay le Buffard in Normandy, has always relied on the horses which it breeds in Kentucky and which are not qualified for any of these incentives. Similarly, the Aga Khan has always been happy to breed in Ireland and race in France.

Such owners breed and raise their horses where they are most likely to achieve classic success. Incentives, even ones as generous as those in France, are more important to people operating on a smaller scale. But by how much do they promote the buying and racing of French horses, how much do they encourage the raising of standards and how much are they simply a reward for the continuation of mediocrity? These are questions which have been debated for years.

Some British trainers have made effective use of the premiums, as Brian Meehan did with the likes of Brief Encounta and Challenges in 1998-99, but the experiment was not continued. Success abroad is counterbalanced by the heavy demands which regular foreign ventures make on the way a stable operates.

Owners might also be tempted by the rewards for purchasing Italian-breds to race in that country, starting with an extra 50 percent on all two-year-old winners, except in sellers and claimers, in all other flat races worth more than 8,800 euros in total (which means about £2,800 to the winner), and in all jumps races and amateur events. These premiums increase by stages in more valuable races, and in Listed and Pattern events, until you double your money if you can win a Group 1 with an Italian-bred. Prize money itself is excellent by any European standard, and racing has grown steadily more competitive, but there has been no real move by foreign owners to take advantage. Italian breeders are also well rewarded, receiving premiums in every race and special prizes for the first ones home in major events, wherever they finish. Owners of British-breds now receive premiums of 25 percent in most races for two to four-year-olds on the flat and for the majority of jumps races, with a maximum payout of £25,000 for a winner and £10,000 for a placed horse. More questionably, the premium increases to 50 percent for fillies & mares competing over jumps. The BHB has budgeted £1.1m for this year but estimates that the scheme, which is intended to increase the demand for British-breds at the sales, will cost £3.5m in 2005 and £7.2m by 2011. It was intended to supplant breeders' premiums but they will continue for this year at least.

One significant difference between Britain and Ireland and other major racing countries is the much smaller proportion of horses raced by their breeders. Premiums might have a more certain effect if there were more owner-breeders. There is little public sympathy for commercial breeders because it is so easy to point to the apparently rich gains they can make at the Sales.

However, for each example of that type, there is at least another like the story of the American filly You. Now five, You won nine of her 23 races, including four Grade 1 events, and earned $2,101,353. She was bred by Dolphus Morrison, who sold her privately after she had finished second and won a maiden in his colours. But he had already given away her dam, Our Dani, to the University of Louisiana. You won her first Grade 1 in the Frizette Stakes at Belmont in October 2001. Three months later, the University sold Our Dani, in foal to the virtually unknown In a Walk, sire of 98 foals from his first five crops, for $625,000 at Keeneland.

The most successful trainers are those who take advantage of the current situation and adapt most rapidly to any changes, either in the programme or in the way incentives are offered. If there is extra money on offer, take it. It is for others to worry over the effects and to make changes as necessary. When Haydock Park tried to make its chases more competitive by offering a prize to trainers, Martin Pipe sent well-laden horseboxes up the motorways and swamped the opposition. When Ascot offered a prize to trainers, in an attempt to increase the fields for its jumping, it used a combination of success in the races and the number of runners supplied. Michael Chapman saddled enough horses from his Market Rasen stables to win the money.

Much the same happened when appearance money was introduced for runners in conditions events in July 2000. Rank horses were soon working overtime, particularly on Sundays, which carried extra bonuses. Four Men and Time For The Clan each ran 35 times in 2001. The only occasion on which either won a prize was when Four Men was second of three behind a 1-40 shot. Yet both horses earned their keep, which is something, many much superior animals could not do.

Offer an attractive prize and some smart trainer will step up to bid for and probably win it. When Kempton offered £50,000 in 1987, backed by an insurance policy, to the first horse to win three handicaps at the course, Gerald Cottrell soon snapped it up with Stock Hill Lass. When the Bank of Montreal put up a bonus of $1,000,000 for a Canadian Triple Crown winner starting in 1989, no horse had done the treble since Canebora in 1963. Yet With Approval, Izvestia and Dance Smartly did so in the first three years and the Bank cried enough. Only the $US5,000,000 Visa Triple Crown Challenge bonus, first offered in 1987, has remained out of reach. Plenty of horses have won two of the races but there has been no Triple Crown hero in America since Affirmed in 1978. Travel allowances, which were backed in Britain by the Tote from its earliest years, were one of the first incentives. Again they were exploited, or abused, depending on your point of view, by enterprising trainers. They are a matter of particular rather than general policy nowadays, paid by courses seeking to maintain or improve their position rather than by the overall authorities. Goodwood offers £1,000 for any foreign-trained runner, including Irish ones, in its 11 Group races and an additional £1,000 to any of them, which have won a Group 1 or Group 2 during the current season. Punchestown pays travel allowances and other expenses for overseas runners at its Festival meeting and was rewarded with its first French-trainer runner, admittedly Irish-owned, when First Gold won the Heineken Gold Cup last April. Horse Racing Ireland pays a travel allowance of €1,000 to any overseas raider, which finishes out of the money in Group or Listed races.

This method of rewarding foreign participation is gaining popularity with other promoters of international races, like Arlington, Hollywood Park and Woodbine, all of which also offer a generous welcome to owners. Cagnes-sur-Mer and Pau offer travel allowances, graduated according to the distance covered, and subsidised stabling to attract runners, most of which come from the Paris area, where racing shuts down for the best part of three months. As in the United States, where subsidised stabling is an important part of the sport, they do not look kindly on those who take up box space without running their horses. Deauville paid travel allowances in 1962 at a time when competition was weak. They attracted a lot of runners, including eight English winners and three from Ireland. When the scheme was repeated the following year, however, it began to attract the equivalents of Four Men and Time For The Clan and was abandoned.

Travel allowances are at their most important in international races these days. The Breeders' Cup considers its prizes sufficient inducement to contest the so-called World Thoroughbred Championships. But it loses runners as a result to the Japan Cup and the four rich events at Sha Tin in mid-December, for each of which all expenses are paid. Equally generous incentives are offered in the spring, when horses can follow an international trail through the Dubai World Cup meeting, the Audemars Piguet Queen Elizabeth II Cup and the Singapore Airlines International Cup. Of course, your horse still has to be good enough to receive an invitation but big money is not a enough on its own. In addition to the excellent prize money, the new Dubai International Racing Carnival at Nad al Sheba offered free transport and stabling, provided the horses run twice or more at the carnival. Dubai also paid what the Japanese call 'participation incentive money' of $2,000 to horses finishing from fifth to tenth in races with total prize money of $75,000 or more.

The Japanese themselves have been gradually opening up their big races to international competition. The number of open events has reached 23 this year. You might think that the gigantic prizes would be enough but that is not the case. There is no entry fee and it costs only about £520 to run in the Grade 2 Yomiuri Milers Cup at Hanshin on April 17. The winner is guaranteed over £313,000 and even the eighth will earn £18,765 yet there will be few if any international entries, let alone runners. Dumaani, owned by Hamdan al Maktoum and trained by Kiaran McLaughlin in Dubai, was a 56-1 winner of the £392,466 Keio Hai Spring Cup at Tokyo Racecourse in April 1995. Heart Lake, who ran fifth in that race for Godolphin and Saeed bin Suroor, went on to lift the £670,840 Yasuda Kinen the following month. Godolphin did it again with Heart Lake in the 1996 Keio Hai Spring Cup and added another huge prize when Annus Mirabilis, ridden by Darryll Holland, took the £405,308 Mainichi Okan that October. Annus Mirabilis returned to Japan in June 1998 to finish third in the Group 2 Naruo Kinen at Hanshin. But his connections lost interest while most others are more conscious of the certain expense rather than the possible gains. At the time of Maktoum interest, there were no travel allowances except in the Japan Cup. But the Japanese now pay the expenses of horses, which are sufficiently highly-rated, as Tout Seul and the French-trained Special Kaldoun were when they contested the Grade 1 Mile Championship at Kyoto last November.

None of this will stop racecourses from offering incentives to attract big names, as Ascot did so successfully with Choisir. Ascot has now established a formal link with Racing Victoria, by way of the newly-established Silver Arrow Sprint Challenge at the Melbourne tracks. Choisir won and then finished third and sixth in the first three legs of this four race series last year. The Challenge offers a bonus of $AUS500,000 to any horse which can win three out of four, a prize which would have been claimed by Placid Ark in 1987 and Schillaci in 1992. In addition it guarantees an expenses paid trip to the big Royal Ascot sprints for the horse, which does best in the series. Everyone wants the best horses.

The Challenge is just the latest device to promote international competition. If it works, everyone will be happy: if not, they will try something else. Most incentives only have a brief life and, if you have the chance, you should take advantage of them while you can.

The growing pattern - how and why new races have been added

Very few ideas for radical change in horseracing are either universally popular or accepted at the first time of asking. And that’s if a single authority is involved. When a group of nations, some of which have a history of antipathy, bordering on hostility, towards each other’s proposals, come together to examine a programme of alterations, the chances of a speedy and amicable resolution are even slimmer.

Something rare happened, therefore, over the last quarter of 2003, which led to January’s announcement by the European Pattern Committee of a greatly expanded programme of Group 1 and 2 races for fillies in 2004. The bare facts are that three separate layers of opportunity confined to higher-grade fillies of three years and upwards have been created and will be contested this year.

As far as the top two Pattern groups are concerned, they break down into three distance categories - a mile, ten furlongs and a mile and a half. Furthermore, the aim has been achieved to provide a steady flow of opportunities, approximately one a month, across Europe from the end of May to the beginning or end of October in the shorter-distance brackets, and from the beginning of July in the longest. In addition, the authorities in Britain and Ireland have sought to build on the framework by enhancing opportunities just below the very highest grade, so that Ireland will have two more Group 3 races, and Britain will have five, in keeping with the overall strength of its current horse population. Behind the creation of what amounts to a pattern within the Pattern, confined solely to fillies and mares, lies an unprecedented intent to do something about a growing European problem, and a remarkable determination to do it quickly.

No time to let the grass grow here, seemed to be the underlying thought, even though caution was raised in some quarters. The ultimate objective was simple: to produce a programme of races throughout the year that would act as encouragement to owners of higher-grade older fillies to keep them in training in Europe. The lure of the US dollar has grown ever more powerful, and with prize-money stacking up high, turf horses have exited Europe with damaging regularity. Cash led the call for colts; lack of suitable opportunities appeared to be a more dominant force for taking away fillies. It didn’t take a genius to fire the European Pattern Committee into thinking that something had to be done. But what? Give the fillies something to aim at, that’s what. And the 2004 programme is the resulting magnet.

Already the radical steps appear to have had an effect. Russian Rhythm, Soviet Song and Favourable Terms in Britain; Six Perfections and Nebraska Tornado in France; Echoes In Eternity from Godolphin: they have all stayed in training as four-year-olds, and the new programme has been cited as part of the persuasion. Each one is out of the top drawer, but in any other year, it is doubtful if all six would have been kept for another season.

But 2004 will not be ‘any other year.’ Jason Morris, racing director at Horse Racing Ireland, is understandably delighted at the response. “This was precisely the aim of the initiative,” he says, adding that the newly elevated Irish races should draw the horses, and bring in the crowds. The reasoning of Godolphin racing manager Simon Crisford is impossible to fault. “It’s good news for owners of fillies that have sufficient quality to compete against each other in the top class,” he says. “It has certainly encouraged us to keep Echoes In Eternity in Europe rather than send her to the US, because it makes it easier to plan her programme. She can go to America later in the season.” Favourable Terms is perhaps the least well known of the six named here, but her career lends as much credibility to the new programme as any other. Owner-bred by Maktoum Al Maktoum, she did not race until May last year, and ended the season having won three out of five starts for Sir Michael Stoute, including the Group 2 Matron Stakes at Leopardstown. She would have been a prime candidate for the paddocks in any other year, but it bears repeating that this is not ‘any other year.’ For one thing, the Matron Stakes now has Group 1 status, and who would bet against Favourable Terms attempting a follow-up, now that the opportunities are there to test her rate of improvement? The decision that Six Perfections, for one, would stay in training as a four-year-old was made public within hours of her winning the Breeders Cup Mile.

The European Pattern Committee had set the late-October international meeting at Santa Anita as its first deadline to tell the bloodstock world the bare bones at least of its plan for fillies. They reasoned that owners of the fillies they were targeting, especially those with permanent racing and breeding careers in the US in mind, would be making their own plans by then. Their urgency apparently worked, for trainer Pascal Bary said at the time: “It’s wonderful news for me, my staff and the racing public that the Niarchos family has decided to keep Six Perfections in training, and no doubt the changes to the programme were taken into consideration.” That the framework for the changes was announced in October at all was a departure from normal practice. The European Pattern Committee usually gets its individual thoughts together in the autumn, to be crystallised at the annual meeting in December or early-January. Last year, the committee decided in July that it would set up a sub-group to look at the fillies’ programme, with a view to reporting to the annual meeting in January 2004. They thought there was room for improvement, especially among the older age bracket and particularly in the early part of the season. The sub-group met within two months, and suddenly the mood for change picked up a head of steam, with the French and Irish teams leading the charge, and Britain erring on the side of caution with a plea for a phased introduction of the radical alterations. By the middle of September it had been decided that tinkering with a few races was not enough; there should be a greatly enhanced programme, especially in Groups 1 and 2, and that it if it was to happen at all, it should happen immediately.

The European Pattern Committee met in London a month later, just ahead of the Breeders Cup meeting, and a raft of changes were agreed, taking in all three groups and the trio of distance categories. The Group 1 and 2 details were made public in the second week of December, and the die was cast. In less than six months the mood of the committee had gone from exploratory to explosion. The new races and upgrades have been given three years to prove their worth. If any race does not meet the required ratings parameters, it will be downgraded, without the warning that is given to other Pattern races under the ground rules. Ruth Quinn, the BHB’s director of racing, who played a full part in the process, believes the overall benefits could take that long to work through. “It’s fantastic that the new programme already seems to be having an effect,” she says, “but it has been created with the longer term in mind, and we need to build up a pool of better-class fillies in Europe.” Quinn also believes the outstanding fillies will still take on the colts in the traditional Group 1 races, particularly those over a mile, such as the Prix Jacques le Marois and Queen Elizabeth II Stakes. “We didn’t want to create a complete mirror image of the colts’ programme, as they have in the US,” she says, “but we had to make a great deal of improvement in the fillies’ programme if we want to stem the constant flow to the States.”

Philip Freedman, owner of the Cliveden Stud and chairman of the BHB’s Flat Race Advisory Panel, which feeds its thoughts and expertise into the European Pattern Committee, has already seen evidence that the ploy is working. His US trainer Christophe Clement has received fewer European-trained older fillies this winter, and has jokingly suggested he is being put out of business. Freedman, who acknowledges the efforts of a Thoroughbred Breeders Association group chaired by Bill Paton-Smith in first bringing the fillies’ cause to attention, accepts there could be a downside to the enhancements, as owners face greater temptation to keep the best to the company of their own sex. However, he looks to the bigger picture. “We may have to face up to a slightly less competitive Queen Elizabeth II Stakes, for instance, but if the changes to the programme were going to work, it had to be done as a big project,” he reasons. “Adding one or two races wouldn’t have had the same impact. “While I would have been equally happy if, say, the Sun Chariot Stakes had not gone up to Group 1, if we accept that we are running the fillies’ programme as a separate entitity to the colts’, it makes sense for the Sun Chariot to be upgraded. There had to be a logical programme.” The next three years will determine how successful the original logic was. Howard Wright is a member of the BHB Flat Race Advisory Panel.

Howard Wright (European Trainer - issue 7 - Spring 2004)